Dimensions and Factors of Learning Engagement on Learners’ Academic Performance
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.54536/ajahs.v4i2.4366Keywords:
Academic Performance, Behavioral Engagement, Cognitive Engagement, Emotional Engagement, Learners EngagementAbstract
Learners’ engagement is a measure that reflects the learner’s participation in the learning process while academic performance is the measurement of learner’s achievement in different subject areas. This research sought to ascertain the dimensions and factors of learning engagement on academic performance of respondents. Specifically, this answer to what extent of the learning engagement in terms of its dimensions as to behavioral, cognitive, and emotional; the level of the learning engagement concerning of family, school, teacher, and peer; the level of the learners’ academic performance; the significant relationship between the dimension of learning engagement and their academic performance; and the significant relationship between the factors of learning engagement and their academic performance. The results showed that the level of learning engagement as to behavioral, cognitive, and emotional dimensions was high. The factors of learning engagement in terms of family, school, teacher, and peer were positive. Further, the academic performance of the learners was very satisfactory. On the other hand, the test of relationship between the learning dimension of engagement and the learners’ academic performance was significant. In the same way, the test of relationship between the factors of learning engagement and their academic performance was also significant. It can be concluded that the behavioral, cognitive, and emotional aspects together with the factors of learning engagement such as, family, school, teacher and peer are important to academic performance. It is recommended teacher should build a strong and encouraging relationship with their learners to significantly enhance engagement. At the same time, teachers should use collaborative learning strategies for it allow learners to develop a good understanding and a friendly relationship among his/her classmates.
Downloads
References
Abbas, A., Ademilua, T., & Olawuwo, A. A. (2024). Impact of parental involvement on children’s academic performance of secondary school students in Katsina Local Government, Katsina State. Deleted Journal, 2(3), 25–33. https://doi.org/10.54536/jir.v2i3.3309
Abubakr, A., Abubakar, Y. U., & Itse, J. D. (2019). Students’ engagement in relationship to academic performance. ResearchGate. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.10743.98725
Alani, F. S., & Hawas, A. (2021). Factors affecting students’ academic performance: A case study of Sohar University. ResearchGate. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/354723769
Ali, N. (2020). Linking academic performance of children with neighbourhood services: A gender-based analysis. ResearchGate. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/363587154_Linking_Academic_Performance_of_Children_with_Neighbourhood_Services_A_Gender_Based_Analysis
Ali, N., Ullah, A., Shah, M., Ali, A., Khan, S. A., Shakoor, A., Begum, A., & Ahmad, S. (2020). School role in improving parenting skills and academic performance of secondary school students in Pakistan. Heliyon, 6(11), e05443. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05443
Alsola-Dulay, L. (2020). Classroom behavior and academic performance of public elementary school pupils. International Journal of Research Publications, 56(1). https://doi.org/10.47119/ijrp100561720201297
What is student engagement? (2024b, October 1). THE Campus Learn, Share, Connect. https://www.timeshighereducation.com/campus/what-student-engagement
Elevate—The HonorSociety.org Magazine | HonorSociety.org. (2024, September 11). https://www.honorsociety.org/articles/are-%20grades-%20good-way-measure-academic-success
Arnaiz-Sánchez, P., De Haro, R., García, S. A., & Ruiz, A. B. M. (2020). Schools that promote the improvement of academic performance and the success of all students. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, Article 2920. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02920
Assefa, Y., Moges, B. T., & Kumar, T. (2023b). Modelling the predictive effects of social media on the relationship between students’ engagement and academic achievement in higher education institutions. Education, 10(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/2331186x.2023.2207801
Astin, A. W. (1984). Student involvement: A developmental theory for higher education. Journal of College Student Personnel, 25(4), 297–308. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1985-18630-001
Azumah, F. D., Samuel, K., & Onzaberigu, N. J. (2018). Effects of family structure on the academic performance of children: A case study of Ayeduase R/C Junior High School in the Kumasi metropolis, Ghana. International Journal of Social Science Studies, 6(10), 11. https://doi.org/10.11114/ijsss.v6i10.3643
Bernstein, L. (2023). Student engagement: Why it matters. Xello. https://xello.world/en/blog/student-engagement/what-is-student-engagement/
Bernstein, L. (2021). What is student engagement and why does it matter? Xello. https://xello.world/en/blog/student-engagement/what-is-student-engagement/
Brown, A., & Lee, C. (2020). Enhancing student learning through formative assessments. Educational Research Journal, 25(3), 112–125.
Caal, P. (2020). A qualitative research project on factors affecting students’ performance in a secondary school in Western Belize. ResearchGate. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/342343656_A_qualitative_research_project_on_factors_affecting_students_performance_in_a_secondary_school_in_Western_Belize
Castro, K. (2024). Philippines grade scale. Gradecalculator.io. https://gradecalculator.io/philippines/
Chen, F., Sakyi, A., & Cui, Y. (2021). Linking student, home, and school factors to reading achievement: The mediating role of reading self-efficacy. Educational Psychology, 41(10), 1260–1270. https://doi.org/10.1080/01443410.2021.1953445
Costales Canonizado, I. (2021). A closer look at descriptive correlational method of research. HubPages. https://discover.hubpages.com/education/A-Closer-Look-at-Descriptive-Correlational-Method-of-Research
DeFauw, C., Levering, K., Msipa, R. T., & Abraham, S. (2018). Families’ support and influence on college students’ educational performance. Journal of Education and Development, 2(1), 11. https://doi.org/10.20849/jed.v2i1.312
Delfino, A. P. (2019b). Student engagement and academic performance of students of Partido State University. Asian Journal of University Education, 15(3), 42–55. https://doi.org/10.24191/ajue.v15i3.05
Deng, Y., Cherian, C., Khan, N. U. N., Kumari, K., Sial, M. S., Comite, U., Gavurová, B., & Popp, J. (2022). Family and academic stress and their impact on students’ depression level and academic performance. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2022.869337
DepEd K-12 grading system steps for computing grades. (n.d.). TeacherPH. https://www.teacherph.com/deped-grading-system/#google_vignette
DePED RPMS frequently asked questions (FAQ) - TeacherPH. (2022b, July 23). TeacherPH. https://www.teacherph.com/deped-rpms-frequently-asked-questions/
DePEDPH. (2024). DepEd grading system: How grades are computed in Philippine schools. DepEd PH. https://depedph.com/deped-grading-system/
Derese, M., & Marisennayya, S. (2023, April 1). The effects of school feeding programs on students’ academic achievement in public primary schools of Wolaita Zone, southern Ethiopia. SSRN. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4422108
Double, K. S., McGrane, J. A., & Hopfenbeck, T. N. (2019). The impact of peer assessment on academic Performance: A Meta-analysis of control group studies. Educational Psychology Review, 32(2), 481–509.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10648-019-09510-3
Dubovi, I., & Tabak, I. (2021). Interactions between emotional and cognitive engagement with science on YouTube. Public Understanding of Science, 30(6), 096366252199084. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963662521990848
Investigating the mental health of the staff working in the petrochemical company of Ilam. (n.d.-b). Kheirollahipour | European Online Journal of Natural and Social Sciences. https://european-science.com/eojnss/article/view/639
Erol, Y. C., & Turhan, M. (2018). The relationship between parental involvement and engagement to school. International Online Journal of Educational Sciences, 10(5). https://doi.org/10.15345/iojes.2018.05.017
Etcuban, J. O., Capuno, R., Necesario, R., Espina, R., Padillo, G., & Manguilimotan, R. (2019). Attitudes, study habits, and academic performance of junior high school students in mathematics. International Electronic Journal of Mathematics Education, 14(3). https://doi.org/10.29333/iejme/5768
Finn, J. D., & Zimmer, K. S. (2012). Student engagement: What is it? Why does it matter? In S. L. Christenson, A. L. Reschly, & C. Wylie (Eds.), Handbook of research on student engagement (pp. 97–131). Springer Science + Business Media. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-2018-7_5
Facilitating and assessing student engagement in the classroom. (2023, January 23). Center for Teaching & Learning. https://www.colorado.edu/center/teaching-learning/2023/01/23/facilitating-and-assessing-student-engagement-classroom
French, B. (2022, March 13). What is engagement? Teach Better. https://teachbetter.com/blog/what-is-engagement/
Gaille, L. (2020, January 17). 12 advantages and disadvantages of correlational research studies. Vittana. https://vittana.org/12-advantages-and-disadvantages-of-correlational-
Galugu, N. S., & Samsinar, S. (2019). Academic self-concept, teacher’s support, and student engagement in the school. Jurnal Psikologi Pendidikan Dan Konseling, 5(2), 141. https://doi.org/10.26858/jppk.v5i2.10549
Gana, M., Rad, D., & Stoian, C. D. (2023). Family functioning, parental attachment, and students’ academic success. Journal of Infrastructure, Policy and Development, 8(1). https://doi.org/10.24294/jipd.v8i1.2565
Gilbert, J. (2024). Student involvement theory and Generation Z. FSU. https://www.academia.edu/36881972/Student_Involvement_Theory_and_Generation_Z
Gray, J., & Diloreto, M. (2018). The effects of student engagement, student satisfaction, and perceived learning in online learning environments. NCPEA International Journal of Educational Leadership Preparation, 11(1). https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1103654.pdf
Hart, S. R., Stewart, K., & Jimerson, S. R. (2011). The Student Engagement in Schools Questionnaire (SESQ) and the Teacher Engagement Report Form-New (TERF-N): Examining the preliminary evidence. Contemporary School Psychology, 15(1), 67–79. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf03340964
Hawkins, A. (2024, August 1). Absenteeism in schools: How families boost attendance. ParentPowered – Evidence-Based Family Engagement. https://parentpowered.com/blog/family-engagement/absenteeism-in-school/
Hodges, B. T. (2023, July 21). School engagement is more than just talk. Gallup.com. https://www.gallup.com/education/244022/school-engagement_talk.aspx
Husaini, Y. A., & Shukor, N. S. A. (2023). Factors affecting students’ academic performance: A review. ResearchGate. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/367360842_Factors_Affecting_Students’_Academic_Performance_A_review
James, O. (n.d.). Teachers’ professional attitudes and students’ academic performance in secondary schools in Ilorin metropolis of Kwara State. ERIC. https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ1203831
Jones, B. J. M. (2023). The future of education: K-12 superintendents’ views. Gallup.com. https://www.gallup.com/education/242375/future-education-superintendents-views.aspx
Joshi, D. R., Adhikari, K. P., Khanal, B., Khadka, J., & Belbase, S. (2022). Behavioral, cognitive, emotional, and social engagement in mathematics learning during the COVID-19 pandemic. PLOS ONE, 17(11), e0278052. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0278052
Kaur, G., & Prajapati, P. (2022). Academic achievement in relation to cognitive ability among secondary school students. Scholarly Research Journal for Humanity Science & English Language, 10(52). https://doi.org/10.21922/srjhsel.v10i52.11520
Kirk Ambrose. (2023). THE Campus Learn, Share, Connect. https://www.timeshighereducation.com/campus/authors/kirk-ambrose
Lara, L., & Saracostti, M. (2019). Effect of parental involvement on children’s academic achievement in Chile. Frontiers in Psychology, 10(1), 1–5. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01464
Laursen, B., & Veenstra, R. (2021). Toward understanding the functions of peer influence: A summary and synthesis of recent empirical research. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 31(4), 889–907. https://doi.org/10.1111/jora.12606
Lei, H., Cui, Y., & Zhou, W. (2018). Relationships between student engagement and academic achievement: A meta-analysis. Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal, 46(3), 517–528. https://doi.org/10.2224/sbp.7054
Li, J., Huang, J., Hu, Z., & Zhao, X. (2022). Parent–child relationships and academic performance of college students: Chain-mediating roles of gratitude and psychological capital. Frontiers in Psychology, 13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.794201
Li, Y., Qiu, L., & Sun, B. (2020). School engagement as a mediator in students’ social relationships and academic performance: A survey based on CiteSpace. International Journal of Crowd Science, 5(1), 17–30. https://doi.org/10.1108/ijcs-02-2020-0005
Lei, H., Cui, Y., & Zhou, W. (2018b). Relationships between student engagement and academic achievement: A meta-analysis. Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal, 46(3), 517–528. https://doi.org/10.2224/sbp.7054
Limniou, M., Sedghi, N., Kumari, D., & Drousiotis, E. (2022). Student engagement, learning environments, and the COVID-19 pandemic: A comparison between psychology and engineering undergraduate students in the UK. Education Sciences, 12(10), 671. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci12100671
Lombardi, E., Traficante, D., Bettoni, R., Offredi, I., Giorgetti, M., & Vernice, M. (2019). The impact of school climate on well-being experience and school engagement: A study with high-school students. Frontiers in Psychology, 10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02482
Maamin, M., Maat, S. M., & Iksan, Z. H. (2021). The influence of student engagement on mathematical achievement among secondary school students. Mathematics, 10(1), 41. https://doi.org/10.3390/math10010041
Mulaudzi, I. C. (2023). Factors affecting students’ academic performance: A case study of the university context. ResearchGate. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/378709144_Factors_Affecting_Students’_Academic_Performance_A_Case_Study_of_the_University_Context
Marie, R., Ann, J., Sausal, J., Coscos, R. M. M., Doncillo, J. A. D., Sausal, J. M., Tanquilan, M. C. M., Tumana, S. R. S., & Ucang, J. T. (2022). Self-regulated learning strategies on students’ academic performance in mathematics through flexible learning. International Journal of Applied Science and Research, 5(4), 26–40. https://doi.org/10.56293/ijasr.2022.5404
Mateo, J. (2021). ‘DepEd moving to improve quality of education.’ Philstar.com. https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2021/07/03/2109847/deped-moving-improve-quality-education
McGowen, M. A., & Davis, G. E. (2022). A numerical indicator of student cognitive engagement and mathematical growth. International Electronic Journal of Mathematics Education, 17(1), em0669. https://doi.org/10.29333/iejme/11473
Bayoumy, H. M. M., & Alsayed, S. (2021b). Investigating relationship of perceived learning engagement, motivation, and academic performance among nursing students: A multisite study. Advances in Medical Education and Practice, 12, 351–369. https://doi.org/10.2147/amep.s272745
Mok, S. S., Sukimin, I. S., Zainal Abidin, N. S., Rahmat, N. H., Anyau, E., & Varma, S. B. (2021). Conflicts in group work: Are they all bad? International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 11(11). https://doi.org/10.6007/ijarbss/v11-i11/11246
Moldes, V. M., Biton, C. L. L., Gonzaga, D. J., & Moneva, J. C. (2019). Students, peer pressure, and their academic performance in school. International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, 9(1), 8541. https://doi.org/10.29322/ijsrp.9.01.2019.p8541
Moreira, P., Dias, A. A., Matias, C., Castro, J., Gaspar, T., & De Oliveira, J. P. (2018). School effects on students’ engagement with school: Academic performance moderates the effect of school support for learning on students’ engagement. Learning and Individual Differences, 67, 67–77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lindif.2018.07.007
Moreira, P., Vaz, F. M., Dias, P. C., & Petracchi, P. (2009). Psychometric properties of the Portuguese version of the student engagement instrument. Canadian Journal of School Psychology, 24(4), 303–317. https://doi.org/10.1177/0829573509346680
Moreland University. (2023, May 2). Deepening students’ emotional engagement. Moreland University. https://moreland.edu/resources/blog-insights/emotional-engagement-in-hybrid-learning
MSc, O. G. (2023a). Bronfenbrenner’s ecological systems theory. Simply Psychology. https://www.simplypsychology.org/bronfenbrenner.html
Munir, J., Faiza, M., Jamal, B., Daud, S., & Iqbal, K. (2023). The impact of socio-economic status on academic achievement. Journal of Social Sciences Review, 3(2), 695–705. https://doi.org/10.54183/jssr.v3i2.308
Nayir, F. (2018). The relationship between student motivation and class engagement levels. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research. https://www.bing.com
Nennig, H., States, N., Macrie-Shuck, M., Fateh, S., Kirbulut Gunes, Z. D., Cole, R., Rushton, G., Shah, L., & Talanquer, V. (2023). Exploring social and cognitive engagement in small groups through a community of learners (CoL) lens. Chemistry Education Research and Practice, 24(3), 1077–1099. https://doi.org/10.1039/D3RP00071K
Oco, R. (2024). Factors related to the student’s performance in English, science, mathematics, psychology, and education: A multidisciplinary journal. Psychology & Education, 2024(1), 39–48. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10647509
Odum, M., Meaney, K., & Knudson, D. V. (2021). Active learning classroom design and student engagement: An exploratory study. ResearchGate. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/351362670_Active_learning_classroom_design_and_student_engagement_An_exploratory_study
Ogunsakin, R. E., Moyo, S., Oludayo, O., Olugbara, O. O., & Israel, C. (2021). Relating student engagement indicators to academic performance using multiple correspondence analysis. Cybernetics and Information Technologies, 21(1), 87–102. https://doi.org/10.2478/cait-2021-0007
Ojo, O. J. (2018). Principals’ management techniques and students’ academic performance in secondary schools, Ilorin East LGA, Kwara State. Anatolian Journal of Education, 3(1). https://doi.org/10.29333/aje.2018.312a
Olana, E., & Tefera, B. (2022a). Family, teachers, and peer support as predictors of school engagement among secondary school Ethiopian adolescent students. Cogent Psychology, 9(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/23311908.2022.2123586
Ozcan, M. (2023a). Factors affecting students’ academic achievement according to the teachers’ opinion. ResearchGate. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/374848078_Factors_Affecting_Students%27_Academic_Achievement_according_to_the_Teachers%27_Opinion
Peñeda, F. P., Ticoy, T. A., & Rabuya, C. A. (2019). Filipino students’ perceptions of factors affecting their academic performance in school: A qualitative study. Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research). https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5559205
Pohl, A. J. (2020). Strategies and interventions for promoting cognitive engagement. In Springer eBooks (pp. 253–280). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-37285-9_14
Qiu, Y., & Ye, P. (2023). The influence of family socio-economic status on learning engagement of college students majoring in preschool education: The mediating role of parental autonomy support and the moderating effect of psychological capital. Frontiers in Psychology, 13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1081608
Ravaglia, R. (2023, March 25). Student engagement matters more than attendance; why don’t schools track it? Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/sites/rayravaglia/2023/03/25/student-engagement-matters-more-than-attendance-why-dont-schools-track-it/
Reckmeyer, B. M. (2025, March 25). Focus on student engagement for better academic outcomes. Gallup.com. https://www.gallup.com/education/267521/focus-student-engagement-better-academic-outcomes.aspx
Reeves. (2022, April 9). A guide to peer to peer learning. Best Mentorship Software: Together Mentoring Software. https://www.togetherplatform.com/blog/a-guide-to-peer-to-peer-learning
Rodríguez-Muñoz, A., Antino, M., Ruiz-Zorrilla, P., & Ortega, E. (2021). Positive emotions, engagement, and objective academic performance: A weekly diary study. Learning and Individual Differences, 92, 102087. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lindif.2021.102087
Roksa, J., & Kinsley, P. (2018). The role of family support in facilitating academic success of low-income students. Research in Higher Education, 60(4), 415–436. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11162-018-9517-z
Epstein model of parental involvement and academic performance of learners. (n.d.). Salac | European Online Journal of Natural and Social Sciences. https://european-science.com/eojnss/article/view/6398
Sharififard, F., Asayesh, H., Haji Mohammad Hosseini, M., & Sepahvandi, M. (2020). Motivation, self-efficacy, stress, and academic performance correlation with academic burnout among nursing students. Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Sciences, 7(2), 88. https://doi.org/10.4103/jnms.jnms_30_19
Sharma, P., Akgun, M., & Li, Q. (2023). Understanding student interaction and cognitive engagement in online discussions using social network and discourse analyses. Educational Technology Research and Development. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11423-023-10261-w
Shao, Y., Kang, S., Lu, Q., Zhang, C., & Li, R. (2024b). How peer relationships affect academic achievement among junior high school students: The chain mediating roles of learning motivation and learning engagement. BMC Psychology, 12(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-024-01780-z
Sinuhin, A. R. (2022). Perceived teacher affective support and cognitive and psychological engagement among STEM students in distance learning. International Multidisciplinary Research Journal, 4(2), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.54476/3832251
Smith, K. R. (2023, June 15). Teaching and learning ‘Respect’ and ‘Acceptance’ in the classroom. Faculty Focus | Higher Ed Teaching & Learning. https://www.facultyfocus.com/articles/equality-inclusion-and-diversity/teaching-and-learning-respect-and-acceptance-in-the-classroom/
Sukor, R., Ayub, A. F. M., Rashid, N. K. M. A. R. A., & Halim, F. A. (2023). Relationship between students’ engagement with academic performance among non-food science students enrolled in food science course. Journal of Turkish Science Education, 18(4), 638–648. https://doi.org/10.36681/tused.2021.95
Swargiary, K. (2023). Learning behaviors and academic performance: A comparative study. ResearchGate. https://doi.org/10.32388/ayzvwr
Thomas, J., & Nair, M. (2022). Investigating teacher influence on student engagement in high schools. The Australian Educational Researcher, 50(3), 661–681. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13384-022-00511-w
Tullis, J. G., & Goldstone, R. L. (2020). Why does peer instruction benefit student learning? Cognitive Research: Principles and Implications, 5(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s41235-020-00218-5
Verma, R. (2023b). Does emotional intelligence make you an effective teacher? A study of higher education institutions. American Journal of Education and Technology, 2(4), 24–29. https://doi.org/10.54536/ajet.v2i4.2108
Wang, X., Dai, M., & Mathis, R. S. (2022). The influences of student- and school-level factors on engineering undergraduate student success outcomes: A multi-level multi-school study. International Journal of STEM Education, 9(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40594-022-00338-y
Waterford.org. (2024, July 9). Why strong teacher-student relationships matter. Waterford.org. https://www.waterford.org/education/teacher-student-relationship
Xu, X., Shi, Z., Bos, N. A., & Wu, H. (2023). Student engagement and learning outcomes: An empirical study applying a four-dimensional framework. Medical Education Online, 28(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/10872981.2023.2268347
Yan, Y., & Gai, X. (2022b). High achievers from low family socioeconomic status families: Protective factors for academically resilient students. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(23), 15882. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192315882
Zhen, R., Liu, R., Wang, M., Ding, Y., Jiang, R., Fu, X., & Sun, Y. (2019). Trajectory patterns of academic engagement among elementary school students: The implicit theory of intelligence and academic self‐efficacy matters. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 90(3), 618–634. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjep.12320
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Aren Espinal Baculanta, Pepa V. Pontillas, Gerlinda Corpuz

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.




