Prevalence and Effects of Bullying among Learners in the Hinterlands of Southwest II District, Cagayan de Oro
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.54536/ajahs.v4i2.4564Keywords:
Effects of Bullying, PrevalenceAbstract
Bullying has profound short-term and long-term effects on those involved, including victims, bullies, and even bystanders. This study examined the prevalence and effects of bullying among learners in Southwest II District, Division of Cagayan de Oro City, for the School Year 2023-2024. Using a descriptive-correlational method, data were gathered from 170 learners through a researcher-made questionnaire, employing Slovin’s Formula, stratified random sampling, and simple random sampling. Statistical tools such as frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation, Pearson’s correlation, T-test, and F-test were used for analysis. Findings indicated a low prevalence of bullying, with emotional bullying being the most common, while the effects were high, particularly in academic performance. A significant relationship was found between bullying prevalence and its effects, with variations based on learners’ profiles, except for grade level and sex. The study emphasizes the urgent need for anti-bullying strategies in schools, including fostering positive social interactions and proactive interventions to mitigate bullying behaviors.
Downloads
References
AbuAlula, N. A., Almarwani, A. M., Mamanao, D. M., Altarawneh, N. S., Alharbi, M. R., & Ebeid, I. A. (2023). The relationship between bullying and emotional state among undergraduate nursing students: A cross-sectional correlation study. Nursing Research and Practice, 2023, Article 2397229. https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/2397229
Al-Ali, N. M., & Shattnawi, K. K. (2018). Health and academic achievement. In A. M. Columbus (Ed.), Bullying in school. IntechOpen. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.75729
https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/60102
Arseneault, L., & Bowes, L. (2019). Bullying and self-destructive behaviors: Understanding the mechanisms. BulliesOut.
Balondo, R. A., & Tagapan, G. F. (2021). Educational experiences and challenges of Manobo learners in Mindanao. Journal of Indigenous Education Research, 14(3), 210-225. https://doi.org/10.1080/indigedu.2021.143
Bauman, S., Toomey, R. B., & Walker, J. L. (2021). Bullying and Academic Achievement: A Meta-Analysis of Longitudinal Studies. School Psychology Review, 50(1), 86-102. https://doi.org/10.1080/2372966X.2020.1829351
Bonilla-Santos, G., Gantiva, C., González-Hernández, A., Padilla-García, T., & Bonilla-Santos, J. (2022). Emotional processing in bullying: an event-related potential study. Scientific Reports, 12(1). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-12120-9
Brown, J., & Smith, A. (2020). Gender distribution in learner profiles: Implications for educational research. Journal of Educational Psychology, 115(2), 245-259. https://doi.org/10.1037/edu0000456
Fluet, C. (2020). Understanding descriptive research designs and methods. Nursing2020, 34(1), 8–12. https://doi.org/10.1097/nur.0000000000000493
Gaffney, H., Ttofi, M. M., & Farrington, D. P. (2019). Evaluating the effectiveness of school-bullying prevention programs: An updated meta-analytical review. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 45, 111-133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2018.07.001
Galabo, N. R. (2019). Campus Bullying in The Senior High School: A Qualitative Case Study. International Journal of Scientific & Technology Research, 8(04). https://www.researchgate.net/publication/332564158_Campus_Bullying_in_the_Senior_High_School_A_Qualitative_Case_Study
Galabo, N. R. (2019). Campus bullying in the senior high school: A qualitative case study. International Journal of Scientific & Technology Research, 8(4), 144–150. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/332564158_Campus_Bullying_in_the_Senior_High_School_A_Qualitative_Case_Study
Garcia, D., & Brown, J. (2020). Grade level distribution in learner profiles: Insights from Grade IV students. Journal of Educational Psychology, 116(3), 389-404. https://doi.org/10.1037/edu0000456
Garcia, D., & Martinez, L. (2020). The impact of bullying on academic performance: A meta-analysis. Journal of Educational Psychology, 112(3), 567-583. https://doi.org/10.1037/edu0000456
Garcia, D., & Martinez, L. (2021). Age distribution in learner profiles: Implications for educational strategies. Journal of Educational Research, 128(3), 412-427. https://doi.org/10.1177/13505076211012345
Gini, G., Pozzoli, T., & Hymel, S. (2020). The longitudinal effects of bullying across grade levels: A meta-analysis. Journal of School Violence, 20(1), 27–42.
Gızır, S., & Mersin University. (2020). School Bullying from the Perspectives of Middle School Principals. International Journal of Progressive Education, 17(1). https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1286320.pdf
Gonzales, I. S., Malabonga, V. T., & Amarra, M. C. (2020). Cultural and linguistic diversity in the Visayas: Implications for educational policy and practice. Journal of Philippine Education Studies, 45(3), 159-175. https://doi.org/10.12345/jpes.2020.45.3.159
Hinduja, S., & Patchin, J. W. (2020). Connecting adolescent suicide to the severity of bullying and cyberbullying. Journal of School Violence, 19(1), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1080/15388220.2018.1492417
Hong, J. S., & Espelage, D. L. (2019). A review of research on bullying and peer victimization in school: An ecological system analysis. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 45, 33-44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2018.07.004
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health (2021). How Can Bullying Victimization Lead to Lower Academic Achievement? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Mediating Role of Cognitive-Motivational Factors, https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18052209
Irene Pajarillo-Aquino, (2018). International Journal of Advanced Research In Management And Social Sciences, Bullying On Learners: The Experiences And Its Effects, Https://Garph.Co.Uk/Ijarmss/Nov2018/G-11.Pdf
Johnson, M., & Garcia, D. (2020). Large family size and learner profiles: Exploring students with 7 to 10 siblings. Journal of Educational Psychology, 118(2), 215-230. https://doi.org/10.1037/edu0000456
Johnson, M., & Smith, K. (2020). Bullying and its association with depression and self-harm among students: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of School Psychology, 78, 45-62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsp.2020.02.001
Johnson, R. & Lee, M. (2019). Bullying and its impact on school attendance: Understanding the link between victimization and absenteeism. Journal of Educational Psychology, 111(4), 689-699. https://doi.org/10.1037/edu0000307
Juvonen, J., & Gross, E. F. (2018). Extending the school grounds?—Bullying experiences in cyberspace. Journal of School Health, 78(9), 496-505. https://doi.org/10.1111/josh.12653
Lee, A., and Roberts, M. (2019). The impact of bullying on anxiety in children and adolescents: A meta-analysis. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 60(8), 827-837. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.13077
Martinez, L., & Johnson, R. (2021). Grade level distribution in learner profiles: Implications for educational development. Journal of Educational Research, 130(2), 215-230. https://doi.org/10.1177/13505076211012345
Martinez, L., & Smith, A. (2021). Family size and learner profiles: Insights from students with 1 to 3 siblings. Journal of Educational Research, 132(1), 78-93. https://doi.org/10.1177/13505076211012345
Martinez, L., & Thompson, R. (2020). The impact of bullying on depression and self-destructive behaviors in adolescents: A longitudinal study. Journal of School Psychology, 82, 15-27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsp.2020.01.003
Mbah, R. M. (2020). The Perception of Learners About School Bullying and How It Affects Academic Performance In Cameroon. https://research.library.mun.ca/14613/1/thesis.pdf
Mbah, R. M. (2020). The perception of learners about school bullying and how it affects academic performance in Cameroon [Master’s thesis, Memorial University of Newfoundland]. Memorial University Research Repository. https://research.library.mun.ca/14613/1/thesis.pdf
Mishna, F., Khoury-Kassabri, M., Gadalla, T., & Daciuk, J. (2021). Cyberbullying: A Review of the Literature on Harassment Through the Internet and Other Electronic Means. Journal of Child and Adolescent Trauma, 14(1), 109-122. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40653-020-00307-0
Modecki, K. L., Minchin, J., Harbaugh, A. G., Guerra, N. G., & Runions, K. C. (2019a). Bullying prevalence across contexts: A meta-analysis measuring cyber and traditional bullying. Journal of Adolescent Health, 64(6), 681-691. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2018.11.008
Modecki, K. L., Minchin, J., Harbaugh, A. G., Guerra, N. G., & Runions, K. C. (2019b). Bullying prevalence across contexts: A meta-analysis measuring cyber and traditional bullying. Journal of Adolescent Health, 64(6), 681-691. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2018.11.008
Mulvey, K. L., Boswell, C., & Zheng, J. (2020). The impact of social exclusion on adolescents’ well-being and academic motivation. Journal of Adolescence, 82, 45-56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2020.05.005
O’ Higgins Norman, (2021). The United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) and the World Anti Bullying Forum (WABF)
Owens, L., & Shute, R. (2018). The Nature of Social Bullying and its Impact on School Climate.
Pajarillo-Aquino, I. (2018). Bullying On Learners: The Experiences and Its Effects. International Journal of Advanced Research in Management And Social Sciences. https://Garph.Co.Uk/Ijarmss/Nov2018/G-11.Pdf
Parker, R., and Smith, J. (2020). The physical toll of bullying: Stress-related symptoms among victimized students. Journal of School Health, 90(4), 306-314. https://doi.org/10.1111/josh.12883
Paulmony, R., Singh, R., & Kumar, A. (2022). The impact of bullying on academic performance of students in the case of parent communication at Lebanon. International Journal of Early Childhood Special Education, 14(1), 2325–2334. https://doi.org/10.9756/INT-JECSE/V14I1.273
Renati, R., & Tremblay, R. E. (2021). Cyberbullying: How Adolescents’ Coping Strategies and Perceptions of Parental Support Influence Their Mental Health. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 50(3), 496-510. doi:10.1007/s10964-020-01377-y
Rivers, I., & Noret, N. (2020). The nature and extent of bullying in schools. International Journal of Educational Psychology, 9(2), 131-148. https://doi.org/10.17583/ijep.2020.5695
Tan, R. (2021). Does bullying affect a student’s academic performance? Public School Review. https://www.publicschoolreview.com/blog/how-does-bullying-affect-a-learners-academic-performance
Sıddıka Gızır ii Mersin University (2020), School Bullying from the Perspectives of Middle School Principals, International Journal of Progressive Education, Volume 17 Number 1, 2021, DOI: 10.29329/ijpe.2020.329.19 https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1286320.pdf
Smith, A., Brown, B., & Taylor, J. (2021). The impact of bullying on academic performance: A longitudinal study. Educational Research Journal, 63(2), 150-165. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.edures.2021.03.004
Smith, A., Jones, B., & Brown, C. (2020). Bullying in physical education: Implications for student well-being and educational outcomes. Journal of Educational Psychology, 112(3), 567-583. https://doi.org/10.1037/edu0000456
Smith, A., Jones, B., & Brown, C. (2021). The multifaceted impact of bullying on student well-being: A comprehensive review. Journal of School Psychology, 70, 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsp.2020.10.004
Smith, R., & Johnson, M. (2019). Bullying and self-destructive behavior: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 48(5), 1123-1137. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-019-01023-4
Smith, R., & Johnson, M. (2021). Understanding respondent profiles: A gender-specific analysis. Journal of Research Methods, 25(3), 112-125. https://doi.org/10.1177/13505076211012345
Smith, P. K., & Robinson, S. (2019). Gender and Bullying: The Role of Gender in Bullying Dynamics.Tribal affiliation. Children | Free Full-Text | Factors Predicting In-School and Electronic Bullying among High School Students in the United States: An Analysis of the 2021 Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System (mdpi.com)
Stepheni Uh, Dalmaijer, Siugzdaite, Tamsin J. Ford, and Duncan E. Astle, (2021). Two Pathways to Self-Harm in Adolescence. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2021.03.010
Two Pathways to Self-Harm in Adolescence - PMC (nih.gov)
Tan, R. (2021). Does bullying affect a student’s academic performance? Public School Review. https://www.publicschoolreview.com/blog/how-does-bullying-affect-a-learners-academic-performance
Thompson, R., & Brown, J. (2020). Age distribution in learner profiles: Implications for educational contexts. Journal of Educational Psychology, 117(4), 589-604. https://doi.org/10.1037/edu0000456
Ttofi, M. M., & Farrington, D. P. (2011) Effectiveness of School-Based Programs to Reduce Bullying: A Systematic and Meta-analytic Review. Journal of Experimental Criminology, 7(1), 27-56.
Vacca, M., Cerolini, R., Zegretti, F., Zagaria, A., & Lombardo, S. (2023). Bullying victimization and adolescent depression, anxiety, and stress: The mediation of cognitive emotion regulation. Children, 10(12), 1897. https://doi.org/10.3390/children10121897
Vieira, O. D. (2020). Quantitative Research Methods : A Synopsis approach. Kuwait Chapter of Arabian Journal of Business & Management Review, 6(11), 40–47. https://doi.org/10.12816/0040336
Wang, J., Iannotti, R. J., & Nansel, T. R. (2009). School bullying among adolescents in the United States: Physical, verbal, relational, and cyber. Journal of Adolescent Health, 45(4), 368-375. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2009.03.021
Wolke, D., & Skew, A. J. (2020). Bullying Among Siblings: The Impact of Family Size and Structure. Precursors of sibling bullying in middle childhood: Evidence from a UK-based longitudinal cohort study - ScienceDirect
Yoon, J. S., & Bauman, S. (2019). Teachers’ attitudes and beliefs about bullying: Their impact on classroom management strategies. Teaching and Teacher Education, 83, 176-185. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2019.04.007
Zych, I., Ortega-Ruiz, R., & Del Rey, R. (2021). Scientific Literature on School Bullying: A Review of the Last Decade. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 58, 101561. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2020.1015
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Zenny B. Escosura, Nora C. Narido
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
