Behavioral Intention Towards Artificial Intelligence Integration and Teachers’ Self-Efficacy
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.54536/ajahs.v5i4.8741Keywords:
Artificial Intelligence, Behavioral Intention, Self-EfficacyAbstract
The rapid integration of artificial intelligence (AI) in education has reshaped instructional practices, making teachers’ readiness and confidence critical considerations. This study determined the level of Grade 7 teachers’ behavioral intention towards AI integration and self-efficacy. Specifically, it described the respondents’ profile in terms of age, sex, position, educational attainment, and AI-related training; their behavioral intention based on attitude, subjective norm, and perceived behavioral control; their self-efficacy concerning student engagement, instructional strategy, and classroom management; the relationship between the two variables; and whether respondents’ profile moderates this relationship. A quantitative descriptive-correlational design was employed, involving 185 Grade 7 teachers from the districts of Kadingilan, Damulog, Kibawe, and Dangcagan in the Division of Bukidnon, selected through universal sampling. Data were gathered using a researcher-made questionnaire. Mean, standard deviation, Pearson Product-Moment Correlation, and multiple linear regression were used for statistical treatment. Findings revealed a very high level of behavioral intention and self-efficacy among teachers, with a significant positive relationship between the two variables, further moderated by respondents’ profile, particularly position and trainings attended. The study concludes that teachers’ favorable behavioral intention toward AI strengthens their self-efficacy. It is recommended that school heads may enhance teachers’ readiness and confidence in integrating AI into instruction.
Downloads
References
Alam, A. (2022). Employing adaptive learning technologies and artificial intelligence in education. Education and Information Technologies, 27(6), 7853–7875. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-022-10965-8
Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. W. H. Freeman.
Bhandari, P. (2021). Correlational research: When & how to use it. Scribbr.
Cabero-Almenara, J., Palacios-Rodríguez, A. de P., Loaiza-Aguirre, M. I., & Rivas-Manzano, M. del R. de. (2024). Acceptance of educational artificial intelligence by teachers and its relationship with some variables and pedagogical beliefs. Education Sciences, 14(7), 740. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci14070740
Celik, I. (2023). Towards Intelligent-TPACK: An empirical study on teachers’ professional knowledge to ethically integrate artificial intelligence (AI)-based tools into education. Computers in Human Behavior, 138, 107468. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107468
Chatterjee, S., & Bhattacharjee, K. K. (2020). Adoption of artificial intelligence in higher education: A quantitative analysis using structural equation modelling. Education and Information Technologies, 25(5), 3443–3463. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-020-10159-7
Chen, L., Chen, P., & Lin, Z. (2023). Artificial intelligence in education: A review. IEEEAccess,11,17149-171https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3245678
Chen, X., Zhang, Y., & Liu, J. (2024). Teachers’ perceptions of AI integration in classroom instruction. Journal of Educational Technology Systems, 52(1), 45–63. https://doi.org/10.1177/00472395231234567
Chiu, T. K. F. (2023). The impact of artificial intelligence on teachers’ professional development and teaching practices: A systematic review. Education and InformationTechnologies,28(8),9945–9970.https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-023-11644-6
Chiu, T. K. F., Xia, Q., Zhou, X., Chai, C. S., & Cheng, M. (2024). Examining teachers’ behavioral intention of using generative artificial intelligence tools for teaching and learning based on the extended technology acceptance model. Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence, 7, 100328. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.caeai.2024.100328
Creswell, J. W., & Creswell, J. D. (2021). Multidisciplinary perspectives on opportunities, challenges, and implications of generative artificial intelligence for research, practice, and policy. International Journal of Information Management, 71, 102642.
Dwivedi, Y. K., Kshetri, N., Hughes, L., et al. (2023). “So what if ChatGPT wrote it?” Multidisciplinary perspectives on opportunities, challenges and implications of generative conversational AI for research, practice and policy. International Journal of Information Management, 71, 102642.
Fackler, S., Sammons, P., & Malmberg, L.-E. (2021). A comparative analysis of predictors of teacher self-efficacy in student engagement, instruction and classroom management in Nordic, Anglo-Saxon and East and South-East Asian countries. Review of Education, 9(1), 203–239. https://doi.org/10.1002/rev3.3242
Fang, G., Li, X., Chan, P. W. K., & Kalogeropoulos, P. (2024). A multilevel investigation into teacher-supported student use of technology in East Asian classroom: Examining teacher and school characteristics. Computers & Education, 218, 105092. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2024.105092
Farrokhnia, M., Banihashem, S. K., Noroozi, O., & Wals, A. (2024). A SWOT analysis of ChatGPT: Implications for educational practice and research. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 61(3), 460–474. https://doi.org/10.1080/14703297.2023.2195846
Hazzan-Bishara, A., Kol, O., & Levy, S. (2025). The factors affecting teachers’ adoption of AI technologies: A unified model of external and internal determinants. Education and Information Technologies, 30, 15043–15069. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-025-13393-z
Holmes, W., Bialik, M., & Fadel, C. (2022). Artificial intelligence in education: Promises and implications for teaching and learning. Center for Curriculum Redesign.
Holmes, W., & Tuomi, I. (2022). State of the art and practice in AI in education. European Journal of Education, 57(4), 542–560. https://doi.org/10.1111/ejed.12533
Huang, R., Spector, J. M., & Yang, J. (2024). Artificial intelligence in teacher professional development. Computers in Human Behavior, 148, 107905. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107905
International Society for Technology in Education. (2021). ISTE Standards for Educators. https://www.iste.org/standards
Kamalov, F., Calonge, D. S., & Gurrib, I. (2023). New era of artificial intelligence in education: Teachers’ attitudes and perceptions. Education and Information Technologies, 28(2), 2345–2367. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-022-11345-9
Lei, Y., Lu, Z., & Deng, Y. (2026). Drivers, pedagogical uses, and barriers of teachers’ AI adoption: Cross-national evidence from TALIS 2024. Teaching and Teacher Education, 178, 105595. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2026.105595
Li, Y., Zhang, M., & Chen, S. (2023). Teacher self-efficacy and technology integration in education. Teaching and Teacher Education, 122, 103967. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2023.103967
Lo, C. K., & Hew, K. F. (2022). Factors influencing teachers’ adoption of AI tools in education. Computers & Education, 176, 104356. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2021.104356
Ma, S., & Lei, L. (2024). The factors influencing teacher education students’ willingness to adopt artificial intelligence technology for information-based teaching. Asia Pacific Journal of Education, 44(1), 94–111. https://doi.org/10.1080/02188791.2024.2305155
Ma, X., & Lei, H. (2024). Artificial intelligence and teacher effectiveness: A self-efficacy perspective. Educational Research Review, 39, 100497. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.edurev.2023.100497
Miao, F., & Cukurova, M. (2024). AI competency framework for teachers. UNESCO.
Ng, D. T. K., Leung, J. K. L., & Chu, S. K. W. (2022). Teachers’ perceptions of AI in education. Interactive Learning Environments, 30(8), 1405–1420. https://doi.org/10.1080/10494820.2021.1892056
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. (2023). Digital education outlook 2023: Towards an effective digital education ecosystem. OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/b14bef59-en
Redecker, C. (2022). European framework for the digital competence of educators (DigCompEdu). Publications Office of the European Union.
Sallam, M. (2023). ChatGPT utility in healthcare education, research, and scientific writing: A comprehensive review. Healthcare, 11(6), 887. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11060887
Sibug, R., Delos Reyes, M., & Garcia, J. (2025). Secondary teachers’ readiness for artificial intelligence integration in Philippine education. Philippine Journal of Educational Research, 12(1), 55–72.
Teo, T., & Noyes, J. (2023). Teachers’ behavioral intention toward technology integration: Extending the theory of planned behavior in educational settings. Computers & Education: Artificial Intelligence, 4, 100126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.caeai.2023.100126
Trust, T., Whalen, J., & Mouza, C. (2023). ChatGPT: Challenges, opportunities, and implications for teacher education. Journal of Technology and Teacher Education, 31(1), 1–18.
UNESCO. (2021). AI and education: Guidance for policymakers. UNESCO.
UNESCO. (2023). Guidance for generative AI in education and research. UNESCO. https://unesdoc.unesco.org/
Wang, Y., Liu, Q., & Wang, H. (2023). Institutional support and teachers’ adoption of AI in education. Computers in Education Journal, 20(3), 201–218. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-023-11789-2
Wu, H., & Wee, E. H. (2026). AI self-efficacy and anxiety among university teachers. Scientific Reports, 16, 23881. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-59141-2
Watson, J. H., & Rockinson-Szapkiw, A. J. (2021). Predicting preservice teachers’ intention to use technology-enabled learning. Computers & Education, 168, 104207. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2021.104207
Fackler, S., Sammons, P., & Malmberg, L.-E. (2021). A comparative analysis of predictors of teacher self-efficacy in student engagement, instruction and classroom management in Nordic, Anglo-Saxon and East and South-East Asian countries. Review of Education, 9(1), 203–239. https://doi.org/10.1002/rev3.3242
Yang, Y.-F., Tseng, C. C., & Lai, S.-C. (2024). Enhancing teachers’ self-efficacy beliefs in AI-based technology integration into English speaking teaching through a professional development program. Teaching and Teacher Education, 144, 104582. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2024.104582
Yu, J. S., & Salimaco, R. A. (2026). Factors influencing science teachers’ use of artificial intelligence tools in the teaching and learning process: A quantitative study of Philippine public schools. Asian Journal of Education and Social Studies, 52(7), 53–63. https://doi.org/10.9734/ajess/2026/v52i73155
Zawacki-Richter, O., Marín, V. I., Bond, M., & Gouverneur, F. (2021). Systematic review of research on artificial intelligence applications in higher education. International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education, 18, 39. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41239-021-00277-8
Zhai, X., Chu, X., Chai, C. S., Jong, M. S. Y., Istenic, A., Spector, M., Liu, J.-B., Yuan, J., & Li, Y. (2021). A review of artificial intelligence (AI) in education from 2010 to 2020. Complexity, 2021, Article 8812542. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/8812542
Zhai, X., Chu, X., Chai, C. S., & Yung, C. K. (2024). AI literacy and teacher readiness for AI integration. British Journal of Educational Technology, 55(1), 98–115. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjet.13345
Zhang, C., Schießl, J., Plößl, L., Hofmann, F., & Gläser-Zikuda, M. (2023). Acceptance of artificial intelligence among pre-service teachers: A multigroup analysis. International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education, 20, 49. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41239-023-00420-7
Zhang, L., Li, Y., & Wang, S. (2025). Social influence and AI adoption in schools. Education and Information Technologies, 30(1), 112–130. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-024-12345-6
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Joan S. Baricuatro, Pepa V. Pontillas, Gerlinda G. Corpuz, Jovit D. Comon

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.




