Beyond the Bellows: A Critical Review of Free Reed Instrument Research, Gaps, and Future Innovations
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.54536/ajahs.v4i1.3842Keywords:
Accordion acoustics, Computational modeling, Free reed instruments, Interdisciplinary research, Sustainable instrument designAbstract
This paper presents a structured and technical review of free reed instrument research, focusing on four critical aspects: sound production mechanisms, structural analysis, material characterization, and vibration analysis. Through a detailed classification of over 100 studies, we identify prevailing trends, methodological approaches, and underexplored areas. A significant portion of the literature focuses on Western instruments like the accordion and harmonica, while traditional Asian instruments such as the sheng and khaen remain critically under-researched. Methodologically, the field is dominated by experimental studies and finite element modeling (FEM), with limited integration of computational advancements such as machine learning or artificial intelligence (AI). Furthermore, structural and material research often overlooks eco-friendly or sustainable alternatives, suggesting a gap in environmentally conscious design. This review advocates for a more interdisciplinary approach, combining acoustics, structural dynamics, and material science with global perspectives on lesser-known instruments. Emerging trends, such as digital augmentation and AI-driven sound optimization, present promising avenues for future exploration. Additionally, the review underscores the need for sustainable design in instrument construction, as the field remains focused on traditional materials. By identifying key gaps and proposing future directions, this review provides a roadmap for advancing research in free reed instruments through innovation, sustainability, and a more inclusive global outlook.
Downloads
References
Asiedu, D., & Dankwa, C. A. A. (2024). Plant Design for the Production of Propylene Oxide by Isopropylbenzene 2-phenylpropane, or (1-Methylethyl) Benzene (Cumene). American Journal of Innovation in Science and Engineering, 3(3), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.54536/ajise.v3i3.3419
Bader, R., Linke, S., & Mores, R. (2019). Measurements and impulse pattern formulation (IPF) model of phase transitions in free-reed wind instruments. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 146(5), 3439-3449. https://doi.org/10.1121/1.5136626
Behrens, S. L., Coyle, W. L., Goodweiler, N. P., & Cottingham, J. P. (2009). Vibrational modes of accordion reeds. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 126(4), 2082–2090. https://doi.org/10.1121/1.3248800
Biernat, J., & Cottingham, J. P. (2013). Attack transients in free reed instruments. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 134(6), 4430–4436. https://doi.org/10.1121/1.4830564
Bivanti, M., Shtrepi, L., Astolfi, A., Volpatti, G., & Zampini, D. (2020). Pervious concrete as sound absorption material: Theoretical models used as simple predictive tools for designers. Rivista Italiana di Acustica, 44(1), 18–29. https://iris.polito.it/handle/11583/2807779
Brock, C. N., & Cottingham, J. P. (2011). The diatonic harmonica, pipe resonators, and the siren. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 130(4), 2343. https://doi.org/10.1121/1.3654376
Busha, M., & Cottingham, J. P. (1999). Experimental investigation of air‐driven free reeds using a laser vibrometer system. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 111(4), 2371–2377. https://doi.org/10.1121/1.427821
Busha, M., Cottingham, J. P., & Koopman, P. D. (2002). Laboratory measurements on free reeds from the reed organ, accordion, and khaen. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 106(4), 2256–2263. https://doi.org/10.1121/1.4778054
Calleri, C., Astolfi, A., Shtrepi, L., Prato, A., Schiavi, A., Zampini, D., & Volpatti, G. (2019). Characterization of the sound insulation properties of a two-layers lightweight concrete innovative façade. Applied Acoustics, 148, 107–115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apacoust.2018.10.003
Carini, N. & Strologo, S. (2023) Le Fisarmoniche di Camerano,Loreto,Numana,Osimo,Recanati e Sirolo
Causse, R., Misdariis, N., & Ricot, D. (1999). Studies of accordion reed vibrations—Applications in sound synthesis. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 106(4), 2257–2264. https://doi.org/10.1121/1.427818
Chiaia, B., Fantilli, A. P., Guerini, A., Volpatti, G. & Zampini, D. (2013). Eco-mechanical index for structural concrete. Construction and Building Materials, 47, 844–850. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.12.090.
Chiovarelli, V. (2021). Chiovarelli Jazz System.
Cottingham, J. P. (1993). Laboratory experiments on the interaction of an air jet with a Helmholtz resonator. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 93(4), 2357–2363. https://doi.org/10.1121/1.407667
Cottingham, J. P. (1994). Demonstrations with wind instruments and the spectrum analyzer. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 95(5), 2935. https://doi.org/10.1121/1.409161
Cottingham, J. P. (1996a). Acoustics of American reed organs. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 99(4), 2461-2500. https://doi.org/10.1121/1.415493
Cottingham, J. P. (1996b). The reed organ in North America and Japan. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 100(4), 2745. https://doi.org/10.1121/1.416871
Cottingham, J. P. (1997). Effects of reed cell geometry on the vibration frequency and spectrum of a free reed. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 101(5), 2981. https://doi.org/10.1121/1.419046
Cottingham, J. P., & Cottingham, J. P. (1998). Theoretical and experimental investigation of the air‐driven free reed. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 103(5), 2835. https://doi.org/10.1121/1.421393
Cottingham, J. P., & Cottingham, J. P. (1999). 150 years of free reed research: The acoustics of the reed organ and harmonium from Helmholtz to the present. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 106(4), 2287. https://doi.org/10.1121/1.427817
Cottingham, J. P. (2000a). The acoustics of a symmetric free reed coupled to a pipe resonator. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 108(5), 2340–2345. https://doi.org/10.1121/1.428770
Cottingham, J. P., & Cottingham, J. P. (2000b). The acoustics of the Asian free reed mouth organs. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 108(1), 2552. https://doi.org/10.1121/1.4743468
Cottingham, J. P. (2002a). From Kratzenstein to Wheatstone: Episodes in the early history of free reed acoustics. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 112(5), 2276–2282. https://doi.org/10.1121/1.4778047
Cottingham, J. P. (2002b). The Asian free‐reed mouth organs. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 112(5), 2277–2284. https://doi.org/10.1121/1.4779585
Cottingham, J. P. (2003). Where they are now: An overview. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 114(4), 2349. https://doi.org/10.1121/1.4781143
Cottingham, J. P. (2004a). Acoustical studies of the American reed organ. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 108(5), 2552. https://doi.org/10.1121/1.4782239
Cottingham, J. P. (2004b). The acoustics of the khaen, bawu, and gourd pipe. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 116(4), 2619. https://doi.org/10.1121/1.4785445
Cottingham JP (2005) Pitch Bending and Anomalous Behaviour in a Free Reed Coupled to a Pipe Resonator. Proceedings of the Forum Acusticum, Budapest (pp. 1939-1943).
Cottingham, J. P. (2006). Sound production in Asian and Western free‐reed instruments. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 120(5), 3075. https://doi.org/10.1121/1.4787399
Cottingham, J. P. (2008). History and acoustics of the Asian free‐reed mouth organs. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 123(5), 3605. https://doi.org/10.1121/1.2934782
Cottingham, J. P. (2009). Blown‐closed free reeds with and without pipe resonators. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 126(4), 2082–2090. https://doi.org/10.1121/1.3248598
Cottingham, J. P. (2010a). Buffalo horns and the call of frogs: Some ancient free reed instruments from Southeast Asia. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 128(4), 2359. https://doi.org/10.1121/1.3508372
Cottingham, J. P. (2010b). Construction and operation of the Southeast Asian free reed mouth organs. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 128(4), 2368. https://doi.org/10.1121/1.3508411
Cottingham, J. P. (2010c). Pitch bending and higher‐mode reed vibration in mechanically blown free reed instruments. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 127(3), 2011. https://doi.org/10.1121/1.3385225
Cottingham, J. P. (2011a). Bamboo in Asian musical instruments. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 129(4), 2520. https://doi.org/10.1121/1.3588337
Cottingham, J. P. (2011b). Eastern and Western free reed mouth organs: Acoustics and history. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 130(4), 2341. https://doi.org/10.1121/1.3654369
Cottingham, J. P. (2012a). Pitch bending in the diatonic harmonica. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 132(3), 1757–1762. https://doi.org/10.1121/1.4755348
Cottingham, J. P. (2012b). Sound production in Asian free reed mouth organs. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 132(4), 2625–2630. https://doi.org/10.1121/1.4708327
Cottingham, J. P. (2012c). Sound production in Asian free reed mouth organs. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 131(4), 3297. https://doi.org/10.1121/1.4708327
Cottingham, J. P. (2013). Modes of reed vibration and transient phenomena in free reed instruments. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 134(5), 4097–4105. https://doi.org/10.1121/1.4806225
Cottingham, J. P. (2014a). Bamboo musical instruments: Some physical and mechanical properties related to quality. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 136(4), 2283. https://doi.org/10.1121/1.4900254
Cottingham, J. P. (2014b). Sound production in the reed organ and harmonium. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 135(4), 2245. https://doi.org/10.1121/1.4877350
Cottingham, J. P. (2014c). Where they are, where they have been, and where they are going. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 135(4), 2213. https://doi.org/10.1121/1.4877227
Cottingham, J. P. (2015a). Early history of the European free reed instruments. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 138(3), 1912. https://doi.org/10.1121/1.4934011
Cottingham, J. P. (2015b). Traditional and recent performance practice in Asian free reed mouth organs: The sheng and khaen as case studies. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 137(4), 2427. https://doi.org/10.1121/1.4920856
Cottingham, J. P. (2016). Eastern and Western free reed instruments: Acoustics, history, and culture. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 140(6), 4712–4718. https://doi.org/10.1121/1.4969849
Cottingham, J. P. (2017a). Early history of the accordion family: Where did all the accordions come from? Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 142(4), 2470–2477. https://doi.org/10.1121/1.5014393
Cottingham, J. P. (2017b). Reed chamber resonances in free reed instruments. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 142(4), 2469–2475. https://doi.org/10.1121/1.4989008
Cottingham, J. P. (2018). The Technical Committee on Musical Acoustics: Diverse membership with a common interest. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 143(3), 1733. https://doi.org/10.1121/1.5035651
Cottingham, J. P. (2019a). Initial transients in free reed instruments: A survey of experimental results. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 145(3), 1676-1677. https://doi.org/10.1121/1.5101149
Cottingham, J. P. (2019b). Measuring free reed oscillation: Some case studies. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 146(4), 2821. https://doi.org/10.1121/1.5136772
Cottingham, J. P., Colson, B. L., Wilson, S. T., & Quigley, K. W. (1995). Sound spectra from air‐driven American organ reeds. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 98(4), 2377–2384. https://doi.org/10.1121/1.412575
Cottingham, J. P. & Dieckman, E. A. (2008). Measured and calculated sounding frequencies of pipes coupled with free reeds. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 123(5), 3015. https://doi.org/10.1121/1.2932621
Cottingham, J. P. & Fetzer, C. A. (1997). Modeling free reed behavior using calculated reed admittance. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 102(5), 3084. https://doi.org/10.1121/1.420210
Cottingham, J. P., Gresham, S. & Mackenzie, J. W. (1992). Effects of air‐jet angle and other jet characteristics on the spectral features of a jet‐driven Helmholtz resonator. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 92(4), 2380. https://doi.org/10.1121/1.404800
Cottingham, J. P., Lilly, C. J., & Reed, C. H. (1999). The motion of air-driven free reeds. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 106(4), 2063-2072. https://doi.org/10.1121/1.426334
Cottingham, J. P., Reed, C. H., & Busha, M. (1999). Variation of frequency with blowing pressure for an air-driven free reed. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 106(6), 3139-3147. https://doi.org/10.1121/1.425800
Cottingham, J. P. & Wiersma, J. L. (1991). An anharmonic oscillator model for a Helmholtz resonator excited by an air jet. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 90(4), 2352. https://doi.org/10.1121/1.402162
Cottingham, J. P., & Dieckman, E. (2007). Sounding frequencies of the Asian free-reed mouth organs.
Cottingham, J. P. & Faaborg, M. (2010). Bamboo pipe wall vibrations in Asian free reed instruments. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 131(4), 3297. https://doi.org/10.1121/1.4708328
Coyle, W. L., Behrens, S. L., & Cottingham, J. P. (2009). Influence of accordion reed chamber geometry on reed vibration and airflow. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 126(4), 2151-2161. https://doi.org/10.1121/1.3248803
Dena, A., Honrado, L., Mica Lin, P., & Dotong, E. (2023). Promoting the Usage of Eco-Friendly Tertiary Packaging: A Market Research on the Perceived Behavior of Filipino Consumers Based on Sustainability Factors. American Journal of Social Development and Entrepreneurship, 2(1), 26–31. https://doi.org/10.54536/ajsde.v2i1.1223
Dieckman, E. A. & Cottingham, J. P. (2006a). Experimental and calculated frequencies of the Southeast Asian naw. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 119(5), 3383. https://doi.org/10.1121/1.4786617
Dieckman, E. A. & Cottingham, J. P. (2006b). Input impedance of asian free-reed mouth organs. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 120(5), 3076. https://doi.org/10.1121/1.4787404
Dirksen, B. M., & Cottingham, J. P. (2002). Transverse and torsional modes of vibration of American organ reeds. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 111(5), 2378-2385. https://doi.org/10.1121/1.4778706
Drown, C. & Cottingham, J. P. (2018). The barbershop sound: The characteristic timbre of the male barbershop quartet. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 143(3), 1843. https://doi.org/10.1121/1.5036049
Dunkel, M. (1999). Akkordeon, Bandonion, Concertina: Im Kontext der Harmonikainstrumente.
Faaborg, M. & Cottingham, J. P. (2011). Wall vibrations in air-driven free reed bamboo pipes. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 130(4), 2343. https://doi.org/10.1121/1.3654375
Fetzer, C. A., Brucker, N. L., Shackelford, E. D., & Cottingham, J. P. (1999). The acoustics of the bawu. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 106(6), 3509-3518. https://doi.org/10.1121/1.427822
Fetzer, C. A., & Cottingham, J. P. (1997). Acoustics of the khaen: The Laotian free‐reed mouth organ. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 102(5), 3032-3039. https://doi.org/10.1121/1.419324
Franta, B. A. & Cottingham, J. P. (2006). Acoustical effects of reed cells in the American reed organ. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 119(5), 3383. https://doi.org/10.1121/1.4786616
Gaylord, F. D. (1989). Solving reed frequency vibration problems. Hydrocarbon Processing, 68(1).
Goetzman, E. M., & Cottingham, J. P. (2004). Period doubling in free reeds coupled to pipe resonators. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 116(5), 2978-2988. https://doi.org/10.1121/1.4785342
Goodweiler, N. P. & Cottingham, J. P. (2009). Acoustics of single-reed duck calls. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 125(5), 2559. https://doi.org/10.1121/1.4783685
Gorino, A., Fantilli, A. P., Chiaia, B., Zampini, D., Guerini, A., & Volpatti, G. (2016). Brittle vs. Ductile behavior of concrete beams reinforced with steel rebars and fibers. Structural Concrete, 17(4), 619-628. https://iris.polito.it/handle/11583/2650232
Gorino, A., Fantilli, A. P., Chiaia, B., Zampini, D., Guerini, A., & Volpatti, G. (2018). Ductility Index and Durability in Fiber-Reinforced Concrete. Structural Concrete, 19(2), 287-298. https://www.concrete.org/publications/internationalconcreteabstractsportal/m/details/id/51711042
Hassard, B. R. & Cottingham, J. P. (2020). Finite element simulation of reed-resonator coupling: The khaen pipe as an example. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 148(5), 2611. https://doi.org/10.1121/1.5147256
Henessee, S., Wolff, D. M., & Cottingham, J. P. (2014). Study of free reed attack transients using high speed video. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 136(5), 2880-2889. https://doi.org/10.1121/1.4899981
Hershey, K. W., & Cottingham, J. P. (2011). Material properties of pipes and reeds from the Southeast Asian khaen. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 130(4), 2453-2462. https://doi.org/10.1121/1.3588338
Hoover, D. R. & Cottingham, J. P. (2001). Pipe impedance and sound spectrum measurements of the khaen and the sheng. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 109(5), 2343. https://doi.org/10.1121/1.4744232
Huber, T. M., Collins, B., Pineda, M. & Hendrickson, C. (2003). Vibrational modes of the reed in a reed organ pipe. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 114(4), 2348. https://doi.org/10.1121/1.4781139
Jensen, J. T. & Cottingham, J. P. (2003). Airflow patterns in the vicinity of an air‐driven free reed. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 114(4), 2349. https://doi.org/10.1121/1.4781142
Kaufinger, P., Wynne, L., & Cottingham, J. P. (2021). Finite element simulations of free reed instrument operation. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 149(6), 4081-4090. https://doi.org/10.1121/10.0008149
Kirk, T. W., & Cottingham, J. P. (2016). Modes of vibration of a sheng reed. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 140(5), 3781-3789. https://doi.org/10.1121/1.4969855
Koopman, P. D., Hanzelka, C. D. & Cottingham, J. P. (1996a). Acoustical properties of free reeds: A study of reeds from American reed organs. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 100(4), 2745. https://doi.org/10.1121/1.416872
Koopman, P. D., Hanzelka, C. D. & Cottingham, J. P. (1996b). Frequency and amplitude of vibration of reeds from American reed organs as a function of pressure. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 99(4), 2506-2529. https://doi.org/10.1121/1.415691
Kottke, J. A. & Cottingham, J. P. (1994). Behavior of an air jet interacting with a Helmholtz resonator. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 95(5), 2886. https://doi.org/10.1121/1.409406
Krishnamurthy, R., Hempe, I. K., & Cottingham, J. P. (2007). Acoustics of the Mridangam: Study of a New Design of a South Indian Drum. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 122(5), 3056. https://doi.org/10.1121/1.2942899
Krishnamurthy, R., Hempe, I. K. & Cottingham, J. P. (2008). The mridangam: A study of the history and acoustics of an ancient South Indian drum. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 123(5), 3606. https://doi.org/10.1121/1.2934783
LeDuc, M., Haerr, N. K., Boomershine, C. N. & Cottingham, J. P. (2015). Input impedance of sheng pipes augmented with resonators. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 138(3), 1935. https://doi.org/10.1121/1.4934102
Llanos‐Vazquez, R., Elejalde-García, M. J., & Macho-Stadler, E. (2008). Controllable pitch‐bending effects in the accordion playing. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 124(6), 3795-3804. https://doi.org/10.1121/1.2934981
Llanos‐Vazquez, R., Elejalde-García, M. J., Macho-Stadler, E., & Agos‐Esparza, A. (2014). Physical and Psychoacoustic Characterization of the Different Types of Attacks on the Accordion. Acta Acustica United With Acustica, 100(6), 1182-1192. https://doi.org/10.3813/aaa.918716
Manfredi, G. (2022). Fisarmonica: Un capolavoro di ingegneria. ISBN 8894699730.
Marano, F. (2020). La fisarmonica. Evoluzione organologica e letteratura. EAN: 9788890869464
Martin, W. C., Nash, K. & Cottingham, J. P. (2019a). Finite element simulation and experiment in khaen acoustics. Proceedings of Meetings on Acoustics, 39(1), 035003. https://doi.org/10.1121/2.0001178
Martin, W. C., Nash, K. & Cottingham, J. P. (2019b). Recent acoustical studies of khaen pipes. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 146(4), 2278-2279. https://doi.org/10.1121/1.5136625
Miklós, A., Angster, J., Pitsch, S. & Rossing, T. D. (2003). Reed vibration in lingual organ pipes without the resonators. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 113(2), 1081-1091. https://doi.org/10.1121/1.1534101
Millot, L., & Baumann, C. (2007). A proposal for a minimal model of free reeds. Acta Acustica United With Acustica, 93(1), 122-144. https://hal.science/hal-04369449v1
Misdariis, N., Ricot, D., & Causse, R. (2000). Modélisation physique de la vibration d’une anche d’accordéon. Revue des sciences musicales, 86(3), 150-166.
Muñoz, A., Paterno, I., & Rojac, I. (2022). I precursori della fisarmonica contemporanea: Dalla civiltà musicale ottocentesca agli inizi del Novecento con uno sguardo al presente. EAN 9788887852752.
Paquette, A., Vines, J. & Cottingham, J. P. (2003). Modes of vibration of air‐driven free reeds in transient and steady state oscillation. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 114(4), 2384. https://doi.org/10.1121/1.4781137
Plitnik, G. R., & Angster, J. (2009). The influence of curvature on the vibration and tone quality of pipe organ reed tongues. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 125(4), 2494-2505. https://doi.org/10.1121/1.4783684
Puranik, N. V., & Scavone, G. P. (2022). Physical modelling synthesis of a harmonium. Proceedings of Meetings on Acoustics, 42(1), 040005. https://doi.org/10.1121/2.0001679
Ricot, D., Causse, R., & Misdariis, N. (2005). Aerodynamic excitation and sound production of blown-closed free reeds without acoustic coupling: The example of the accordion reed. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 117(1), 64-73. https://doi.org/10.1121/1.1852546
Rossing, T. D., & Cottingham, J. P. (2010). Hot topics in musical acoustics. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 127(5), 2832-2840. https://doi.org/10.1121/1.3384739
Scott, E. K. E. & Cottingham, J. P. (2014). Comparison of traditional and matched grips: Rhythmic sequences played in jazz drumming. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 136(4), 2202. https://doi.org/10.1121/1.4899983
Shaw, E., Cottingham, J. P. & Stills, R. (2019). High frequency cavity modes of a Helmholtz resonator excited by an air jet. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 145(3), 1709. https://doi.org/10.1121/1.5101267
Shtrepi, L., Astolfi, A., Badino, E., Volpatti, G., & Zampini, D. (2020). Acoustically efficient concrete: acoustic absorption coefficient of porous concrete with different aggregate size. Forum Acusticum 2010, 3097-3100. https://hal.science/FA2020/hal-03235475
Shtrepi, L., Astolfi, A., Badino, E., Volpatti, G., & Zampini, D. (2021). More Than Just Concrete: Acoustically Efficient Porous Concrete with Different Aggregate Shape and Gradation. Applied Sciences, 11(11), 14835. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11114835
Signorini, M. (2006). La fisarmonica e il banoneon: I due strumenti tipici del tango. Musica & Ricerca, 3(2), 77-90. https://doi.org/10.1400/117168
Silva, A. R. da (2008). Numerical Studies of Aeroacoustic Aspects of Wind Instruments. https://escholarship.mcgill.ca/concern/theses/wh246v60b
St.hilaire, A. O., Wilson, T. A., & Beavers, G. S. (1971). Aerodynamic excitation of the harmonium reed. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 49(4), 781-791. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0022112071002374
Toussaint, E. L. & Cottingham, J. P. (2007). Reed vibration, pressure, and airflow in Western free‐reed instruments. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 122(5), 3055. https://doi.org/10.1121/1.2942895
Vines, J., Paquette, A. & Cottingham, J. P. (2003). An inward striking free reed coupled to a cylindrical pipe. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 114(4), 2349. https://doi.org/10.1121/1.4781140
Volpatti, G. (2025). Materials in Accordion Construction: A Comprehensive Review of Traditional and Modern Approaches. Journal of Innovative Research, 3(1), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.54536/jir.v3i1.3691
Wenzel, H., & Häffner, M. (2006). Legende Hohner Harmonika: Mundharmonika und Akkordeon in der Welt der Musik = Hohner, the living legend: Harmonicas and accordions around the world. ISBN 978-3-937841-34-2.
Wheeler, P. (2009). The adoption of the accordion and other bellow‐blown free‐reed instruments in world cultures. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 126(4), 2214-2221. https://doi.org/10.1121/1.3248793
Wilson, M. L., Ramm, A. M. & Cottingham, J. P. (2009). Measuring the Young’s modulus of reeds from American reed organs. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 125(4), 2558. https://doi.org/10.1121/1.4808740
Wolff, D. M., Henessee, S. & Cottingham, J. P. (2014). Detailed analysis of free reed initial transients. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 136(4), 2201. https://doi.org/10.1121/1.4899982
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Giovanni Volpatti
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
