Academic Stress, Time Management, and Well-Being
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.54536/ajhp.v4i2.4847Keywords:
Academic Stress, Time Management, Well-BeingAbstract
The effect of stress is understood in many walks of life, including the general population including students. How students perceive academic stress and how they manage their time will not only signify students’ performance, but most notably, their well-being as well. The study aims to determine the relationship between academic stress, time management, and well-being among senior high school students. The study surveyed senior high school students to determine their academic stress levels and whether it affects their time management proficiencies and well-being. The study found out that the senior high school students are academically stressed. The students’ academic stress levels have a bearing on their time management proficiency and well-being. A student’s level of academic stress may stimulate him or her to manage his/her time, more precisely in relation to that particular individual’s time planning, time attitude, and time wasters. It was also found out that a high level of academic stress is associated with one’s well-being. A high level of academic stress may likewise motivate an individual to have a high level of well-being. It does not alter an individual’s outlook in relation to his or her positive emotion, engagement, relationships, meaning, achievement, and happiness. It is then given that the students should not overlook the significance of understanding and managing academic stress.
References
Alay, S., & Koçak, S. (2003). Relationship between time management and academic achievement of university students. Kuram ve Uygulamada Eğitim Yönetimi Dergisi, 35, 326–335. http://efdergi.hacettepe.edu.tr/yonetim/icerik/maleler/920-published.pdf
Alshaya, H., Alzayer, M. A., Saad, M., Saad, A., & Alshaalan, R. F. (2017). Is time management related to better academic performance and perceived academic satisfaction among medical students? A cross-sectional survey in Saudi Arabia. International Journal of Advanced Research, 5(1), 2205–2213. https://doi.org/10.21474/IJAR01/3004
Alsulami, S., Al Omar, Z., Binnwejim, M. S., Alhamdan, F. A., Aldrees, A. M., Al-Bawardi, A. A., Alsohim, M. S., & Alhabeeb, M. T. (2018). Perception of academic stress among health science preparatory program students in two Saudi universities. Advances in Medical Education and Practice, 9, 159–164. https://doi.org/10.2147/AMEP.S143151
Associated Press, & mtvU. (2009, May). MTVU AP 2009 economy, college stress and mental health poll [Research report]. Edison Media Research.
Bagwell, C. L., Bender, S. E., Andreassi, C. L., Kinoshita, T. L., Montarello, S. A., & Muller, J. G. (2005). Friendship quality and perceived relationship changes predict psychosocial adjustment in early adulthood. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 22(2), 235–254. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407505050945
Bataineh, M. Z. (2013). Academic stress among undergraduate students: The case of the Education Faculty at King Saud University. International Interdisciplinary Journal of Education, 2(1), 82–88.
Boniwell, I., Osin, E., Linley, P. A., & Ivanchenko, G. V. (2010). A question of balance: Time perspective and well-being in British and Russian samples. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 5(1), 24–40. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760903271181
Botor, N. J. (2019). Hope predicts happiness with life, personal well-being, and resilience among selected school-going Filipino adolescents. International Journal of Sciences: Basic and Applied Research, 47(2), 125–141. https://gssrr.org/
Britton, B. K., & Glynn, S. M. (1989). Mental management and creativity: A cognitive model of time management for intellectual productivity. In J. A. Glover, R. R. Ronning, & C. R. Reynolds (Eds.), Handbook of creativity (pp. 429–440). Plenum Press.
Britton, B. K., & Tesser, A. (1991). Effects of time-management practices on college grades. Journal of Educational Psychology, 83(3), 405–410. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0663.83.3.405
Brown, S. L., Teufel, J. A., Birch, D. A., & Kancherla, V. (2006). Gender, age, and behavior differences in early adolescent worry. Journal of School Health, 76(8), 430–437. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1746-1561.2006.00144.x
Brown, K. W., & Ryan, R. M. (2003). The benefits of being present: Mindfulness and its role in psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84(4), 822–848. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.84.4.822
Butler, J., & Kern, M. L. (2016). The PERMA-Profiler: A brief multidimensional measure of flourishing. https://www.peggykern.org/questionnaires.html
Carver, C. S., Scheier, M. F., & Segerstrom, S. C. (2010). Optimism. Clinical Psychology Review, 30(7), 879–889. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2010.01.006
Centre for Clinical Interventions. (2010). Stress and stress management. https://www.cci.health.wa.gov.au/
Chan, W. Y., Ou, S.-R., & Reynolds, A. J. (2014). Adolescent civic engagement and adult outcomes: An examination among urban racial minorities. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 43(11), 1829–1843. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-014-0136-5
Chellamuthu, S., & Kadhiravan, S. (2017). Academic stress and mental health among high school students. Indian Journal of Applied Research, 7(11), 324–326. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/321572693_Academic_Stress_and_Mental_Health_Among_High_School_Students
Compton, W. C. (2005). An introduction to positive psychology. Thomson Wadsworth.
Covey, S. R. (1998). The 7 habits of highly effective people. Free Press.
Covic, T., Adamson, B. J., Lincoln, M., & Kench, P. L. (2003). Health science students’ time organization and management skills: A cross-disciplinary investigation. Medical Teacher, 25(1), 47–53. https://doi.org/10.1080/0142159021000061422
Csikszentmihalyi, M., & Csikszentmihalyi, I. S. (Eds.). (1988). Optimal experience: Psychological studies of flow in consciousness. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511621956
Deb, S., Strodl, E., & Sun, J. (2015). Academic stress, parental pressure, anxiety and mental health among Indian high school students. International Journal of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, 5(1), 26–34. https://doi.org/10.5923/j.ijpbs.20150501.04
Diener, E., & Seligman, M. E. P. (2004). Beyond money: Toward an economy of well-being. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 5(1), 1–31. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0963-7214.2004.00501001.x
Dy, M. R., Espiritu-Santo, K., Ferido, M. P., & Sanchez, R. D. (2015). Stressors and stress responses of Filipino college students. Asia Life Sciences, 24(2), 737–759. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/335600586_Stressors_and_Stress_Responses_of_Filipino_College_Students
Eldeeb, G. E., & Eldosoky, E. K. (2016). Relationship between effectiveness of time management and stress levels among nursing students. IOSR Journal of Nursing and Health Science, 5(2), 95–100. https://doi.org/10.9790/1959-05020595100
Eskreis-Winkler, L., Shulman, E. P., Beal, S. A., & Duckworth, A. L. (2014). The grit effect: Predicting retention in the military, the workplace, school and marriage. Frontiers in Psychology, 5, Article 36. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00036
Essel, G., & Owusu, P. (2017). Causes of students’ stress, its effects on their academic success, and stress management by students: Case study at Seinäjoki University of Applied Sciences, Finland (Bachelor’s thesis, Seinäjoki University of Applied Sciences). Theseus. https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:amk-201705045948
Fairbrother, K., & Warn, J. (2003). Workplace dimensions, stress, and job satisfaction. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 18(1), 8–21. https://doi.org/10.1108/02683940310459565
Fakude, X. S. (2012). Some factors which contribute to poor academic achievement among undergraduate students at a tertiary institution [Master’s thesis, University of Zululand]. UzSpace.
Felsten, G., & Wilcox, K. (1992). Influences of stress and situation-specific mastery beliefs and satisfaction with social support on well-being and academic performance. Psychological Reports, 70(1), 291–303. https://doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1992.70.1.291
Fredrickson, B. L. (2000). Cultivating positive emotions to optimize health and well-being. Prevention & Treatment, 3(1), Article 1a. https://doi.org/10.1037/1522-3736.3.1.11a
Fredrickson, B. L., Cohn, M. A., Coffey, K. A., Pek, J., & Finkel, S. M. (2008). Open hearts build lives: Positive emotions, induced through loving-kindness meditation, build consequential personal resources. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 95(5), 1045–1062. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0013262
Greenberg, N., Carr, J., & Summers, C. H. (2002). Causes and consequences of stress. Integrative and Comparative Biology, 42(3), 508–516. https://doi.org/10.1093/icb/42.3.508
Gupta, K. (2015). A study on academic stress of higher secondary school students [Unpublished manuscript]. Academia.edu. https://www.academia.edu/10202649/A_STUDY_ON_ACADEMIC_STRESS_OF_HIGHER_SECONDARY_SCHOOL_STUDENTS
Hoyt, L. T., Chase-Lansdale, P. L., McDade, T. W., & Adam, E. K. (2012). Positive youth, healthy adults: Does positive well-being in adolescence predict better perceived health and fewer risky health behaviors in young adulthood? Journal of Adolescent Health, 50(1), 66–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2011.06.006
Kasser, T., & Sheldon, K. M. (2009). Time affluence as a path toward personal happiness and ethical business practice: Empirical evidence from four studies. Journal of Business Ethics, 84(2), 243–255. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-008-9698-1
Kaur, S. (2014). Impact of academic stress on mental health: A study of school-going adolescents. Global Journal for Research Analysis, 3(5), 77–79.
Kern, M. L., Waters, L. E., Adler, A., & White, M. A. (2015). A multidimensional approach to measuring well-being in students: Application of the PERMA framework. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 10(3), 262–271. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2014.936962
Kern, M. L., Benson, L., Steinberg, E. A., & Steinberg, L. (2016). The EPOCH measure of adolescent well-being. Psychological Assessment, 28(5), 586–597. https://doi.org/10.1037/pas0000201
Khan, M. J., Altaf, S., & Kausar, H. (2013). Effect of perceived academic stress on students’ performance. FWU Journal of Social Sciences, 7(2), 146–151.
Khanam, N., Sahu, T., Rao, E. V., Kar, S. K., & Quazi, S. Z. (2017). A study on university student’s time management and academic achievement. International Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health, 4(12), 4761–4765. https://doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20175365
Kottler, J. A., & Chen, D. D. (2011). Stress management and prevention: Daily applications (2nd ed.). Routledge.
Kouzma, N. M., & Kennedy, G. A. (2004). Self-reported sources of stress in senior high school students. Psychological Reports, 94(1), 314–316. https://doi.org/10.2466/pr0.94.1.314-316
Kuh, G., Kinzie, J., Buckley, J., Bridges, B., & Hayek, J. (2006). What matters to student success: A review of the literature (Commissioned Report No. 2006-01). National Postsecondary Education Cooperative. https://nces.ed.gov/npec/pdf/kuh_team_report.pdf
Lazarus, R. S., & DeLongis, A. (1983). Psychological stress and coping in aging. American Psychologist, 38(3), 245–254. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.38.3.245
Lazarus, R. S. (1993). Coping theory and research: Past, present, and future. Psychosomatic Medicine, 55(3), 234–247. http://www.emotionalcompetency.com/papers/coping%20research.pdf
Lazarus, R. S., & Folkman, S. (1987). Transactional theory and research on emotions and coping. European Journal of Personality, 1(3), 141–169. https://doi.org/10.1002/per.2410010304
Macan, T. H., Shahani, C., Dipboye, R. L., & Phillips, A. P. (1990). College students’ time management: Correlations with academic performance and stress. Journal of Educational Psychology, 82(4), 760–768. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0663.82.4.760
Madhyastha, S., Latha, K. S., & Kamath, A. (2014). Stress, coping and gender differences in third year medical students. Journal of Health Management, 16(3), 315–326. https://doi.org/10.1177/0972063414526124
Misra, R., & Castillo, L. G. (2004). Academic stress among college students: Comparison of American and international students. International Journal of Stress Management, 11(2), 132–148. https://doi.org/10.1037/1072-5245.11.2.132
Misra, R., & McKean, M. (2000). College students’ academic stress and its relation to their anxiety, time management, and leisure satisfaction. American Journal of Health Studies, 16(1), 41–51.
Nakalema, G., & Ssenyonga, J. (2014). Academic stress: Its causes and results at a Ugandan university. African Journal of Teacher Education, 3(3). https://doi.org/10.21083/ajote.v3i3.2762
Ofori, I. N., Addai, P., Avor, J., & Quaye, M. G. (2018). Too much academic stress: Implications on interpersonal relationships and psychological well-being among final year University of Ghana students. Asian Journal of Education and Social Studies, 2(3), 1–7.
Olsson, C. A., McGee, R., Nada-Raja, S., & Williams, S. M. (2013). A 32-year longitudinal study of child and adolescent pathways to well-being in adulthood. Journal of Happiness Studies, 14(3), 1069–1083. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-012-9369-8
Omolola, A. D. (2010). Time management among the Nigerian undergraduates: A case study of University of Ado Ekiti, Nigeria [Unpublished undergraduate project]. University of Ado Ekiti.
Owoyele, J. W., & Ojo, O. F. (2009). Stress, study habits and students’ academic performance in Ogun State senior secondary schools. Academia.edu.
Oxington, K. V. (Ed.). (2005). Psychology of stress. Nova Science Publishers.
Pietarinen, J., Soini, T., & Pyhältö, K. (2014). Students’ emotional and cognitive engagement as the determinants of well-being and achievement in school. International Journal of Educational Research, 67, 40–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijer.2014.05.001
Porwal, K., & Kumar, R. (2014). A study of academic stress among senior secondary students. The International Journal of Indian Psychology, 1(3), 135–136.
Pourrajab, M., Rabbani, M., & Kasmaienezhadfard, S. (2014). Different effects of stress on male and female students. The Online Journal of Counseling and Education, 3(3), 31–39.
Putwain, D. (2007). Researching academic stress and anxiety in students: Some methodological considerations. British Educational Research Journal, 33(2), 207–219. https://doi.org/10.1080/01411920701208258
Ramos, R. L. (2007). In the eye of the beholder: Implicit theories of happiness among Filipino adolescents. Philippine Journal of Counseling Psychology, 9(1), 96–127.
Rana, S., & Nandinee, D. (2016). Profile of adolescents’ positive emotions: An indicator of their psychological well-being. Psychological Studies, 61(1), 32–39. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12646-015-0347-1
Rayle, A. D., & Chung, K.-Y. (2007). Revisiting first-year college students’ mattering: Social support, academic stress, and the mattering experience. Journal of College Student Retention: Research, Theory & Practice, 9(1), 21–37. https://doi.org/10.2190/CS.9.1.b
Rich, B. L., LePine, J. A., & Crawford, E. R. (2010). Job engagement: Antecedents and effects on job performance. Academy of Management Journal, 53(3), 617–635. https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2010.51468988
Ross, S. E., Niebling, B. C., & Heckert, T. M. (1999). Sources of stress among college students. College Student Journal, 33(2), 312–317.
Seligman, M. E. P. (2011). Flourish: A visionary new understanding of happiness and well-being. Free Press.
Sharma, P. (2007). Study habits and academic stress and achievement among rural girls. Journal of Educational Research and Extension, 22(4), 221–224.
Subramani, C., & Kadhiravan, S. (2017). Academic stress and mental health among high school students. Indian Journal of Applied Research, 7(5), 404–406.
Sulaiman, T., Sapian, V. Z., Hassan, A., & Abdullah, S. K. (2009). The level of stress among students in urban and rural secondary schools in Malaysia. European Journal of Social Sciences, 10(2), 179–184.
Sun, J., Dunne, M. P., Hou, X.-Y., & Xu, A.-Q. (2011). Educational Stress Scale for Adolescents: Development, validity, and reliability with Chinese students. Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 29(6), 534–546. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734282910394976
Sun, J. (2012). Educational stress among Chinese adolescents: Measurement, risk factors and associations with mental health [Doctoral dissertation, Queensland University of Technology]. QUT ePrints. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/53372/
Turashvili, T., & Japaridze, M. (2013). Coping strategies of university students in Georgian context. Problems of Education in the 21st Century, 56(1), 144–149.
Watson, R. L. (2002). A comparison of perceived stress levels and coping styles of junior and senior students in nursing and social work programs [Doctoral dissertation, Marshall University]. Marshall Digital Scholar.
Zebardast, A., Besharat, M. A., & Haghighatgoo, M. (2011). The relationship between self-efficacy and time perspective in students. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 30, 935–938. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.10.182
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Vina Rose Ay-ad

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.