Wasted Sperms, Lost Ovaries: Linguistic Opposition and Reception of Cross-Dressing in the Nigerian Social Media Space

Authors

  • Abideen David Amodu Institute for Social Science Research, University of Queensland, Australia
  • Kingsley Okwuruoha Ikeokwu Federal University Oye-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria
  • Abiodun Peter Ekundayo Federal University Oye-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.54536/jnll.v4i1.4956

Keywords:

Critical Discourse, Analysis, Cultural Studies, Digital Media, Language, Nigerian Queer, Sexualities

Abstract

The representations and receptions of gender and sexuality borderline-crossing actions, such as cross-dressing, or homosexuality and homosexual narratives, have always sparked negative reactions among Nigerians in real-life or digital spaces. This paper approaches the discourse from another perspective by paying attention to the ‘minorities within a minority,’ which are MtF cross-dressers. We examined public engagements and reactions to a video of one of Nigeria’s famous cross-dressers and self-proclaimed drag queen, James Brown, which was posted on a Facebook platform. We sampled 20 of the comments to examine the perspectives of Nigerians concerning MtF cross-dressing. Through the comments, we examined how opposition to MtF cross-dressing is communicated through various linguistic tropes or markers by the commenters, using Critical Discourse Analysis as a framework. The reception of Mtf cross-dressing in Nigeria is negative, and in line with the findings of previous studies, Nigerians draw upon culture, religion, and standards of sanctity to substantiate their opposition against cross-dressing.

References

Aboi, E. J. (2024). Religious, ethnic and regional identities in Nigerian politics: a shared interest theory. African Identities, 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1080/14725843.2024.2394181.

Adamu, H. (2019). The Same-Sex Marriage Prohibition Act 2014: Nigeria’s rejection of a Western secular trend. Usmanu Danfodio University Sokoto Law Journal, 1(1), 160–183.

Adejuwon, E. A. (2020). Homosexuality: An African Christian perspective. International Journal of Innovative Social Sciences & Humanities Research, 8(1), 159–168.

Ajayi, A. I., Athero, S., Muga, W., & Kabiru, C. W. (2023). Lived experiences of pregnant and parenting adolescents in Africa: A scoping review. Reproductive Health, 20(1), Article 113. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12978-023-01619-7

Akinfenwa, D. (2021, January 14). How social media is helping queer Nigerians come out, find community. The Guardian Nigeria. https://guardian.ng/life/how-social-media-is-helping-queer-nigerians-come-out-find-community/

Alexander, J. (2002). Queer webs: Representations of LGBT people and communities on the World Wide Web. International Journal of Sexuality and Gender Studies, 7(2–3), 77–84. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1015801926205

Amenaghawon, F., & Ayantade, J. (2019). Homosexuality framing by a Nigerian newspaper. Covenant Journal of Communication, 6(1), 72–88.

Amodu, A. D. (2023). Literature and notions of Black lesbian solidarity in Chinelo Okparanta’s Under the Udala Trees. Gender Questions, 11(1), Article 1. https://doi.org/10.25159/2412-8457/12433

Amodu, A. D. (2024). Sex panics: Queer (counter)publics, networking, and sociality in Nigeria. Journal of Homosexuality, 72(3), 478–500. https://doi.org/10.1080/00918369.2023.2214906.

Amodu, A. D., & Adereti, O. A. (2025). Queer Identity Politics and Exclusion: A Discourse on Chinelo Okparanta’s Under the Udala Trees. Awka Journal of English Language and Literary Studies, 12(2), 268-294.

Baron, N. S. (2003). Language of the Internet. In A. Farghaly (Ed.), The Stanford handbook for language engineers (pp. 59–127). CSLI Publications.

Boneta, N., & Fuentes, A. (2022). Exploring safety and agency in social media: A case study of online cross-dressing. Investigaciones Feministas, 13(2), 759–778. https://doi.org/10.5209/infe.82430

Butler, J. (1990). Gender trouble: Feminism and the subversion of identity. Routledge.

Chinedu-Okeke, C. F., & Obi, I. (2021). The dialectics in the discourse of homosexuality in Nigeria. International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research, 9(2), 44–55.

Christel, D. A., O’Donnell, N. H., & Bradley, L. A. (2016). Coping by cross-dressing: An exploration of exercise clothing for obese heterosexual women. Fashion and Textiles, 3, Article 11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40691-016-0065-7

Durkheim, É. (1912). The elementary forms of the religious life (J. W. Swain, Trans.). Free Press. (Original work published 1912)

Enodong, F., & Calvain, P. (2015). Christian resistance to gay-proselytism in a secular Nigeria: Anathema or social heroism? European Review of Applied Sociology, 8(11), 6–13.

Fairclough, N., & Wodak, R. (1997). Critical discourse analysis. In T. A. van Dijk (Ed.), Discourse as social interaction (Vol. 2, pp. 258–284). Sage.

Gillmor, D. (2004). We the media: Grassroots journalism by the people, for the people. O’Reilly Media.

Harris, R. (1996). Signs, language, and communication: Integrational and segregational approaches. Psychology Press.

Hashemi, A., & Na, K. S. (2021). A critical discourse analysis of a news report on two mosques shooting in Christchurch, New Zealand. International Journal of Social Sciences and Education Research, 7(1), 15–24.

Haythornthwaite, C. (2005). Social networks and Internet connectivity effects. Information, Communication & Society, 8(2), 125–147. https://doi.org/10.1080/13691180500146185

Howard, J. E. (1998). Cross-dressing, the theatre, and gender struggle in early modern England. Shakespeare Quarterly, 39(4), 418–440. https://doi.org/10.2307/2870706

Hyson, A. R. (2021). Pushing boundaries: Young people’s experiences developing and expressing intersecting identities [Doctoral dissertation, University of Minnesota]. University of Minnesota Digital Conservancy. https://hdl.handle.net/11299/225078

Igudunasse, A., Odiase, N., & Alao, T. (2019). What is it like for a gay, Nigerian male living in Nigeria? American Journal of Qualitative Research, 3(1), 20–36. https://doi.org/10.29333/ajqr/5811

Irvine, J. M. (2005). Anti-gay politics online: A study of sexuality and stigma on national websites. Sexuality Research & Social Policy, 2(2), 3–21. https://doi.org/10.1525/srsp.2005.2.2.3

Kang, R., Brown, S., & Kiesler, S. (2013). Why do people seek anonymity on the Internet? Informing policy and design. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (pp. 2657–2666). ACM. https://doi.org/10.1145/2470654.2481368

Lamidi, I. M. (2019). Conflict-management in the Nairaland virtual community. Oye: Journal of Language, Literature and Popular Culture, 1(1), 78–91.

Larsson, S. (2014). Battling mainstream media: Commentators’ and organized debaters’ experiences from citizens’ online opinion writing in Sweden. Nordicom Review, 35(2), 77–89. https://doi.org/10.2478/nor-2014-0016

Levanda, L. (2023). Does being rejected mean you’re not a man? Linking traditional masculinity ideology and rejection sensitivity [Doctoral dissertation, Alliant International University]. ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global.

Lowe, E. D., & Anspach, K. A. (1978). Freedom of dress: A search for related factors. Home Economics Research Journal, 7(2), 121–127. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077727X7800700204

Nwigwe, C. (2022). Breaking the code: Female cross-dressing in southeastern Nigeria. Fashion Theory, 26(1), 67–89. https://doi.org/10.1080/1362704X.2021.1874281

Odedairo, O. D. (2023). Promiscuous technologies: Shifting notions of gender and sexuality in Nigeria’s digital public sphere. Saudi Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences, 8(10), 311–317. https://doi.org/10.36348/sjhss.2023.v08i10.002

Odiase-Alegimenlen, O. A., & Garuba, J. O. (2014). Same-sex marriage: Nigeria at the middle of Western politics. Oromia Law Journal, 3(1), 1–31.

Oginni, O. A., Okanlawon, K., & Ogunbajo, A. (2021). A commentary on COVID-19 and the LGBT community in Nigeria: Risks and resilience. Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1037/sgd0000476

Okanlawon, K. (2017). Homophobic bullying in Nigerian schools: The experiences of LGBT university students. Journal of LGBT Youth, 14(1), 51–70. https://doi.org/10.1080/19361653.2016.1196953

Okanlawon, K. (2018). Cultures of public intervention regarding LGBTQ issues after Nigeria’s Same-Sex Marriage Prohibition Act (SSMPA). College Literature, 45(4), 641–651. https://doi.org/10.1353/lit.2018.0034

Okanlawon, K. (2020). Perceptions and attitudes of heterosexual Nigerian university students towards homosexuality and LGB persons. Journal of LGBT Youth, 17(2), 149–176. https://doi.org/10.1080/19361653.2019.1620665

Okanlawon, K. (2021). Homophobia in Nigerian schools and universities: Victimization, mental-health issues, resilience of the LGBT students and support from straight allies—A literature review. Journal of LGBT Youth, 18(4), 327–359. https://doi.org/10.1080/19361653.2020.1749211

Okanlawon, T. (2020, October 28). Court dismisses homosexuality case against Instagram celebrity, 46 others. PM News. https://pmnewsnigeria.com/2020/10/28/court-dismisses-homosexuality-case-against-instagram-celebrity-james-brown-46-others/

Onanuga, P. (2020). Coming out and reaching out: Linguistic advocacy on queer Nigerian Twitter. Journal of African Cultural Studies, 33(3), 297–312. https://doi.org/10.1080/13696815.2020.1806799

Onanuga, P. A. (2022). Navigating homophobia and reinventing the self: An analysis of Nigerian digital pro-gay discourse. Gender & Language, 16(1), 81–102. https://doi.org/10.1558/genl.20496

Onanuga, P. A. (2023). #ArewaAgainstLGBTQ discourse: A vent for anti-homonationalist ideology in Nigerian twittersphere? African Identities, 21(4), 703–725. https://doi.org/10.1080/14725843.2022.2151371

Onanuga, P. A., & Alade, B. M. (2020). Ideological portrayal and perceptions of homosexuality in selected Nollywood movies. Quarterly Review of Film and Video, 37(6), 598–629. https://doi.org/10.1080/10509208.2020.1756109

Onanuga, P. A., & Schmied, J. (2022). Policing sexuality? Corpus-linguistic perspectives to ‘government’ in homosexuality narratives on Nigerian Twitter. Journal of Gender Studies, 31(6), 649–663. https://doi.org/10.1080/09589236.2022.2066638

Onanuga, P. A. (2021). God in the middle: A discursive analysis of religious contestations in Nigerian homosexuality tweets. In A. Odebunmi & A. Eyoh (Eds.), Critical discourse analysis and the linguistics of social media interaction: Essays in honour of Rotimi Taiwo (pp. 69–86). College Press.

Ostien, P. (2007). Sharia implementation in Northern Nigeria 1999–2006: A sourcebook. Spectrum Books.

Paolillo, J. C. (2001). Language variation on Internet Relay Chat: A social network approach. Journal of Sociolinguistics, 5(2), 180–213. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9481.00147

Pilla, R. S. (2019). An essay on cross-dressing with special reference to Kottamkulangara Chamayavilkku. Afro Asian Journal of Social Sciences, 10(1), 1–11.

Reynolds, A. L., & Caron, S. L. (2000). How intimate relationships are impacted when heterosexual men crossdress. Journal of Psychology & Human Sexuality, 12(3), 63–77. https://doi.org/10.1300/J056v12n03_05

Saunders, B., Kitzinger, J., & Kitzinger, C. (2015). Participant anonymity in the Internet age: From theory to practice. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 12(2), 125–137. https://doi.org/10.1080/14780887.2014.948820

Van Dijk, T. A. (1988). News as discourse. Erlbaum.

Van Dijk, T. A. (1997). The study of discourse. In T. A. van Dijk (Ed.), Discourse as structure and process (Vol. 1, pp. 1–35). Sage.

Van Dijk, T. A. (1998). Ideology: A multidisciplinary approach. Sage.

Van Dijk, T. A. (2001). Critical discourse analysis. In D. Schiffrin, D. Tannen, & H. E. Hamilton (Eds.), The handbook of discourse analysis (pp. 352–371). Blackwell.

Westera, W. (2012). The digital turn: How the Internet transforms our existence. AuthorHouse.

Downloads

Published

2026-02-01

How to Cite

Amodu, A. D. ., Ikeokwu, K. O. ., & Ekundayo, A. P. . (2026). Wasted Sperms, Lost Ovaries: Linguistic Opposition and Reception of Cross-Dressing in the Nigerian Social Media Space. Journal of Natural Language and Linguistics, 4(1), 9-18. https://doi.org/10.54536/jnll.v4i1.4956

Similar Articles

1-10 of 56

You may also start an advanced similarity search for this article.