Review on Energy Audit: Benefits, Barriers, and Opportunities
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.54536/ajenr.v1i1.1054Keywords:
Energy Audit, Energy Efficiency, Energy PolicyAbstract
Energy audit is one lever to reduce carbon emissions of an organization (industrial site, residential building etc.;). This paper explores the energy audit savings tendance, barriers, challenges, and opportunities through an extensive review of the literature. Different variant of the methodology can be found in the literature and one aim of this research is to make a synthesis (from the most relevant variant). Energy audit can be adapted to the size and context of the organization thanks to the different levels of audits. Different cases studies are also included in this article that highlights the benefits of the energy audit. Other aspects are studied such as tools to use during audit and competencies and experience of auditors. Several barriers should be removed progressively to add more benefits to this sustainable lever. A list of opportunities has been identified and should be subject to further research.
Downloads
References
Abdelaziz, E.A., Saidur, R., Mekhilef, S. (2011). A review on energy saving strategies in industrial sector. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 15(1), 150-168. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2010.09.003.
Alajmi, A. (2012). Energy audit of an educational building in a hot summer climate. Energy and Buildings, 47, 122-130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2011.11.033.
Andrei Mariana, Thollander Patrik, Pierre Inge, Gindroz Bernard, Rohdin Patrik, Decarbonization of industry: Guidelines towards a harmonized energy efficiency policy program impact evaluation methodology, Energy Reports, 7, 1385-1395. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2021.02.067.
Annunziata Eleonora, Rizzi Francesco, Frey Marco, (2014). Enhancing energy efficiency in public buildings: The role of local energy audit programmes, Energy Policy, 69, 2014, 364-373. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2014.02.027.
Barrington Dani Jennifer, Ho Goen, (2014). Towards zero liquid discharge: the use of water auditing to identify water conservation measures, Journal of Cleaner Production, 66, 571-576. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2013.11.065.
Çay, A. (2018). Energy consumption and energy saving potential in clothing industry. Energy, 159, 74-85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2018.06.128.
Dongellini, M., Marinosci, C., & Morini, G. L. (2014). Energy audit of an industrial site: a case study. Energy Procedia, 45, 424-433. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2014.01.046.
Elfarra Khaled, (2019). Energy Auditing – ISO 50002, Energy Audits in Industrial Small Medium Enterprises (SMES) - Training Course Monday, 9 December 2019 – Cairo, Egypt. https://meetmed.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/2.4.-Energy-Auditing-50002-Khaled-EL-Farra.pdf
Fleiter, T., Schleich, J., & Ravivanpong, P. (2012). Adoption of energy-efficiency measures in SMEs—An empirical analysis based on energy audit data from Germany. Energy Policy, 51, 863-875. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2012.09.041.
Grinbergs, K., & Gusta, S. (2013). Energy audit method for industrial plants. In 4th International Conference Civil Engineering 13 Proceedings Part I Industrial Energy Efficiency (pp. 350-355).
Hasanbeigi, A., & Price, L. (2010). Industrial energy audit guidebook: guidelines for conducting an energy audit in industrial facilities (No. LBNL-3991E). Lawrence Berkeley National Lab.(LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States).
IEA, Largest end uses of energy by sector in selected IEA countries, (2019). IEA, Paris https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/charts/largest-end-uses-of-energy-by-sector-in-selected-iea-countries-2019
IEA (2021). Key World Energy Statistics 2021, IEA, Paris https://www.iea.org/reports/key-world-energy-statistics-2021
IEA,(2021). Average key crude oil spot prices, January 1991-June 2021, IEA, Paris https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/charts/average-key-crude-oil-spot-prices-january-1991-june-2021
Institute for Market Transformation (2021). Comparison of U.S. Building Audit, Tune-Ups, and Retrocommissioning Policies; 2021; https://www.imt.org/resources/comparison-of-u-s-building-audit-tune-ups-and-retrocommissioning-policies/
Jayakumar, A., Madheswaran, D. K., Kannan, A. M., Sureshvaran, U., & Sathish, J. (2022). Can hydrogen be the sustainable fuel for mobility in India in the global context?. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2022.07.272.
Kluczek, A., & Olszewski, P. (2017). Energy audits in industrial processes. Journal of cleaner production, 142, 3437-3453. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.10.123.
Kontokosta, C.E., Spiegel-Feld, D. & Papadopoulos, S. (2020). The impact of mandatory energy audits on building energy use. Nat Energy 5, 309–316. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41560-020-0589-6
Kluczek, A., & Olszewski, P. (2017). Energy audits in industrial processes. Journal of cleaner production, 142, 3437-3453. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2020.117679.
Lucchi, E. (2018). Applications of the infrared thermography in the energy audit of buildings: A review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 82, 3077-3090. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.10.031.
M’baye, A. (2022a). Carbon Emission Efficiency Best Practices: A Case Study in an Industrial Site. Journal of Energy Research and Reviews, 10-23. https://doi.org/10.9734/JENRR/2022/v10i330256
M’Baye, A. (2022b). Energy Performance Management in an Industrial Site: Definition and Application of a Specific Methodology for Carbon Emissions Reduction. Low Carbon Economy, 13(3), 148-162. https://doi.org/10.4236/lce.2022.133008
M’Baye, A. (2022c). A case study of heat recovery: a heat pump in an industrial site. Renewable Energy and Sustainable Development, 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.21622/resd.2022.08.1.020
M’baye, A. (2022d). Reduction of Carbon Emissions of HVAC Systems: A Case Study of a Pharmaceutical Site in France. International Journal of Energy Engineering, 12(1), 1-14. http://dx.doi.org/10.5923/j.ijee.20221201.01
Menghi Roberto, Papetti Alessandra, Germani Michele, Marconi Marco, Energy efficiency of manufacturing systems: A review of energy assessment methods and tools, Journal of Cleaner Production, 240, 118276. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.118276.
Moya Diego, Torres Roberto, Stegen Sascha,(2016). Analysis of the Ecuadorian energy audit practices: A review of energy efficiency promotion, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 62, 289-296. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2016.04.052.
Nabitz, L., & Hirzel, S. (2019). Transposing the requirements of the energy efficiency directive on mandatory energy audits for large companies: A Policy‐Cycle‐based review of the national implementation in the EU-28 member states. Energy Policy, 125, 548-561. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2017.12.016.
New York City Mayor’s Office of Sustainability (2022). Greener, Greater buildings Plan. LL87: Energy Audits & Retro-commissioning. https://www1.nyc.gov/html/gbee/html/plan/ll87.shtml
Oyedepo, S. O., & Oladele, A. T. (2013). Energy audit of manufacturing and processing industries in Nigeria: A case study of food processing industry and distillation & bottling company. American Journal of energy research, 1(3), 36-44. https://doi.org/10.12691/ajer-1-3-1
Oyelaran, Olatunde & Twada, Yau & Sanusi, Olawale. (2016). Energy Audit of an Industry: A Case Study of Fabrication Company. Aceh International Journal of Science and Technology. 5. 45-53. https://doi.org/10.13170/aijst.5.2.4838.
Rosenqvist, J., Thollander, P., Rohdin, P., & Söderström, M. (2012). Industrial Energy Auditing for Increased Sustainability−Methodology and Measurements. In (Ed.), Sustainable Energy-Recent Studies. IntechOpen. https://doi.org/10.5772/51717
Sala, A., Damalas, D., Labanchi, L., Martinsohn, J., Moro, F., Sabatella, R., & Notti, E. (2022). Energy audit and carbon footprint in trawl fisheries. Scientific data, 9(1), 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-022-01478-0
Schleich, J. (2004). Do energy audits help reduce barriers to energy efficiency? An empirical analysis for Germany. International Journal of Energy Technology and Policy, 2(3), 226. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJETP.2004.005155
Schleich, J., & Fleiter, T. (2019). Effectiveness of energy audits in small business organizations. Resource and Energy Economics, 56, 59-70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.reseneeco.2017.08.002.
Schubert, T., Breitschopf, B., & Plötz, P. (2021). Energy efficiency and the direct and indirect effects of energy audits and implementation support programmes in Germany. Energy Policy, 157, 112486. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2021.112486.
Shen, B., Price, L., & Lu, H. (2012). Energy audit practices in China: National and local experiences and issues. Energy Policy, 46, 346-358. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2012.03.069.
Sullivan, G., Pugh, R., Melendez, A. P., & Hunt, W. D. (2010). Operations & maintenance best practices-a guide to achieving operational efficiency (release 3) (No. PNNL-19634). Pacific Northwest National Lab. (PNNL), Richland, WA (United States).
Taylor, C., Costa, M., Long, N., & Antonoff, J. (2016). A National Framework for Energy Audit Ordinances (No. NREL/CP-5500-67083). National Renewable Energy Lab.(NREL), Golden, CO (United States). https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1324386
TLV (2022). Energy Efficiency Waste Heat Recovery. https://www2.tlv.com/en-ae/steam-info/steam-theory/energy-saving/waste-heat-recovery
Voïta, T. (2018). The Power of China’s Energy Efficiency Policies. Ifri.
Wang, Z., Wu, M., Li, S., & Wang, C. (2021). The effect evaluation of China’s energy-consuming right trading policy: Empirical analysis based on PSM-DID. Sustainability, 13(21), 11612. https://doi.org/10.3390/su132111612
Wetzel Daniel (2022, November 06). COP Out! How Germany Went From Energy Policy Ideal To Moral Failure. Worldcrunch. https://worldcrunch.com/green/germany-energy-cop27
Zhu, Y. (2006). Applying computer-based simulation to energy auditing: A case study. Energy and buildings, 38(5), 421-428.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2022 Abaubakry Mbaye
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
