The Effect of Workplace Stress on Employee Engagement, the Mediation Role of Leadership Style
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.54536/ajebi.v2i2.1690Keywords:
Workplace Stress, Employee Engagement, Directive Leadership, Participative Leadership, Work-Related Stress, Non-Work-Related StressAbstract
The aim of the current study was to investigate the impact of workplace stress on employee engagement within Iraqi universities through the mediator role of leadership style. Work-related stress and non-work-related stress were identified as representing workplace stress. Employee engagement has been measured through three types: social engagement, affective engagement, and intellectual engagement. Two types of leadership styles have been tested: directive and participative leadership. the structural equation Modeling was used to test the study model. A sample of 245 employees in Iraqi universities, including university professors, was targeted. Only 214 respondents participated in the survey. The results showed that non-work-related stress is the most influential factor in employee engagement. Furthermore, it has been found that the participative leadership style mediates the relationship between work-related and non-work-related stress and employee engagement. There is one exception; participative leadership did not mediate the impact of non-work-related stress on intellectual.
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Araffat, M. Y., Ali, H., Bangsawan, M. I., Diarti, D. K., & Budiono, A. (2020). The Influence of Leadership Style and Work Discipline on Employee Performance in the Department of Transportation Dompu District. International Journal of Multicultural and Multireligious Understanding, 7(8), 758-767. http://dx.doi.org/10.18415/ijmmu.v7i8.2187
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Attridge, M. (2009). Measuring and managing employee work engagement: A review of the research and business literature. Journal of workplace behavioral health, 24(4), 383-398. https://doi.org/10.1080/15555240903188398
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Bhatti, N., Maitlo, G. M., Shaikh, N., Hashmi, M. A., & Shaikh, F. M. (2012). The impact of autocratic and democratic leadership style on job satisfaction. International business research, 5(2), 192. https://doi.org/10.5539/ibr.v5n2p192
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Çelik, M. (2018). The effect of psychological capital level of employees on workplace stress and employee turnover intention. Innovar, 28(68), 67-75. https://doi.org/10.15446/innovar.v28n68.70472
Cesário, F., & Chambel, M. J. (2017). Linking organizational commitment and work engagement to employee performance. Knowledge and Process Management, 24(2), 152-158. https://doi.org/10.1002/kpm.1542
Chandani, A., Mehta, M., Mall, A., & Khokhar, V. (2016). Employee engagement: A review paper on factors affecting employee engagement. Indian Journal of Science and Technology, 9(15), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.17485/ijst/2016/v9i15/92145
Chao, M.-C., Jou, R.-C., Liao, C.-C., & Kuo, C.-W. (2015). Workplace stress, job satisfaction, job performance, and turnover intention of health care workers in rural Taiwan. Asia Pacific Journal of Public Health, 27(2), NP1827-NP1836. https://doi.org/10.1177/1010539513506604
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Dinh, L. (2020). Determinants of employee engagement mediated by work-life balance and work stress. Management Science Letters, 10(4), 923-928. https://www.doi.org/10.5267/j.msl.2019.10.003
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Foy, T., Dwyer, R. J., Nafarrete, R., Hammoud, M. S. S., & Rockett, P. (2019). Managing job performance, social support and work-life conflict to reduce workplace stress. International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management, 68(6), 1018-1041. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJPPM-03-2017-0061
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Gandolfi, F., & Stone, S. (2018). Leadership, leadership styles, and servant leadership. Journal of Management Research, 18(4), 261-269.
Gill, R. (2015). Why the PR strategy of storytelling improves employee engagement and adds value to CSR: An integrated literature review. Public relations review, 41(5), 662-674. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2014.02.012
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Ha, T. T., & Le, B. P. (2023). Influence of High-Involvement and High-Commitment HRM Practices on Innovation: The Mediating Role of Knowledge Sharing. American Journal of Economics and Business Innovation, 2(2), 35–44. https://doi.org/10.54536/ajebi.v2i2.1589
Hicks, T., & Caroline, M. (2007). A guide to managing workplace stress. Universal-Publishers. ISBN-10: 1581129424
Hobfoll, S. E. (1989). Conservation of resources: A new attempt at conceptualizing stress. American psychologist, 44(3), 513. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.44.3.513
Hoboubi, N., Choobineh, A., Ghanavati, F. K., Keshavarzi, S., & Hosseini, A. A. (2017). The impact of job stress and job satisfaction on workforce productivity in an Iranian petrochemical industry. Safety and health at work, 8(1), 67-71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.shaw.2016.07.002
Johnston, K. A. (2018). Toward a theory of social engagement. The handbook of communication engagement, 17-32. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119167600.ch2
Kahn, W. A. (1990). Psychological conditions of personal engagement and disengagement at work. Academy of management journal, 33(4), 692-724. https://doi.org/10.2307/256287
Kakemam, E., Raeissi, P., Raoofi, S., Soltani, A., Sokhanvar, M., Visentin, D. C., & Cleary, M. (2019). Occupational stress and associated risk factors among nurses: a cross-sectional study. Contemporary nurse, 55(2-3), 237-249. https://www.doi.org/10.1080/10376178.2019.1647791
Kanungo, R. N. (1982). Measurement of job and work involvement. Journal of applied psychology, 67(3), 341. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.67.3.341
Kerdpitak, C., & Jermsittiparsert, K. (2020). The effects of workplace stress, work-life balance on turnover intention: An empirical evidence from pharmaceutical industry in Thailand. Systematic Reviews in Pharmacy, 11(2), 586-594.
Khan, M. S., Khan, I., Qureshi, Q. A., Ismail, H. M., Rauf, H., Latif, A., & Tahir, M. (2015). The styles of leadership: A critical review. Public Policy and Administration Research, 5(3), 87-92.
Knight, C., Patterson, M., & Dawson, J. (2017). Building work engagement: A systematic review and meta‐analysis investigating the effectiveness of work engagement interventions. Journal of organizational behavior, 38(6), 792-812. https://www.doi.org/10.1002/job.2167
Kumari, J. J. (2018). A study on the impact of leadership on organizational performance. International Journal of Advanced Educational Research, 3(2), 535-538.
Lim, J. H., & Yazdanifard, R. (2012). The difference of conflict management styles and conflict resolution in workplace. Business & Entrepreneurship Journal, 1(1).
Łukowski, W. (2017). The impact of leadership styles on innovation management. Marketing of Scientific and Research Organizations, 24(2), 105-136. https://doi.org/10.14611/minib.24.06.2017.12
Lyons, J. B., & Schneider, T. R. (2009). The effects of leadership style on stress outcomes. The Leadership Quarterly, 20(5), 737-748. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2009.06.010
Maida, M. T., Riyanto, S., & Ali, H. (2017). Effect of Job Satisfaction and Leadership Style towards Employee Productivity at PT. Asuransi Umum Bumiputera Muda 1967. Saudi Journal of Business and, 2, 157-168. https://www.doi.org/10.21276/sjbms.2017.2.3.7
Mañas, M. A., Díaz-Fúnez, P., Pecino, V., López-Liria, R., Padilla, D., & Aguilar-Parra, J. M. (2018). Consequences of team job demands: Role ambiguity climate, affective engagement, and extra-role performance. Frontiers in psychology, 8, 2292. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.02292
Manning, G., & Curtis, K. (2019). The art of leadership. McGraw-Hill Education. ISBN13: 9781264206728
McCormick, K., & McMullen, M. B. (2019). A North American perspective on understanding and nurturing professional well-being in the early childhood workplace. In Challenging the Intersection of Policy with Pedagogy (pp. 69-84). Routledge.
Naseem, K. (2017). Job stress and employee creativity: The mediating role of emotional intelligence. International Journal of Management Excellence (ISSN: 2292-1648), 9(2), 1050-1058.
Nikolaou, I., & Tsaousis, I. (2002). Emotional intelligence in the workplace: Exploring its effects on occupational stress and organizational commitment. The international Journal of organizational analysis, 10(4), 327-342. https://doi.org/10.1108/eb028956
Nor Amin, N. A., Wuen, C. H., & Ismail, A. (2017). Leadership style desired by youth in Asia. Journal of Management Development, 36(10), 1206-1215. https://doi.org/10.1108/JMD-01-2017-0028
Olsen, K. M., Hildrum, J., Kummen, K., & Leirdal, C. (2023). How do young employees perceive stress and job engagement while working from home? Evidence from a telecom operator during COVID-19. Employee Relations: The International Journal, 45(3), 762-775. https://doi.org/10.1108/ER-05-2022-0230
Osazevbaru, H. O. ., & Amawhe, P. E. (2022). Emerging Paradigm of Employees’ Involvement in Decision Making and Organizational Effectiveness: Further Evidence from Nigerian Manufacturing Firms. American Journal of Economics and Business Innovation, 1(3), 14–23. https://doi.org/10.54536/ajebi.v1i3.374
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