Trainers’ Characteristics and Trainees’ Motivational Orientation as Predictor of Transfer of Training

Authors

  • John Lester Combong School of Counseling and Psychology Graduate School, San Pedro College, Davao City, Philippines https://orcid.org/0009-0002-0102-5851
  • Christhoffer Lelis School of Counseling and Psychology Graduate School, San Pedro College, Davao City, Philippines

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.54536/ajhp.v3i1.5719

Keywords:

Fintech Sales, Industrial Counseling, Motivational Orientation, Trainer Characteristics, Transfer of Training

Abstract

This study explored how the trainers’ characteristics and the trainees’ motivational orientation influenced the transfer of training among employees in the Financial Technology industry. This work is attached to Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 8, concentrating on decent work and economic growth. Despite heavy investments in corporate trainings, many organizations struggle to convert training into on-the-job behavior; drawing on Self-Determination Theory, this study tested how trainer characteristics (interaction, attitude, competency) and trainees’ motivational orientation (intrinsic, extrinsic) jointly predict transfer of training among Philippine fintech sales agents using a correlational–predictive design with simple random sampling, validated instruments, and SPSS analyses (Pearson r; multiple regression). Descriptively, trainer characteristics (M = 3.61), motivational orientation (M = 3.66), and transfer (M = 3.67) were moderate. Trainer characteristics strongly correlated with transfer (r = .839, p < .001), as did motivational orientation (r = .906, p < .001); the regression model explained 81.3% of variance in transfer (R² = .813, p < .001), with motivational orientation exerting the larger standardized effect (β = .675, p < .001) compared with trainer characteristics (β = .278, p < .001). Findings extend transfer theory by quantifying the relative contribution of motivation vis-à-vis trainer qualities in a fintech context and offer actionable levers for industrial counseling practice: autonomy-supportive design, relevance framing, structured coaching and feedback, and recognition systems that strengthen internalization, thereby maximizing behavior change at work.

References

Adams, J. S., & Freedman, S. (1976). Equity theory revisited: Comments and annotated bibliography. In L. Berkowitz & E. Walster (Eds.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 9, pp. 43–90). Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2601(08)60058-1

Adıgüzel, T., Aşık, G., Bulut, M. A., Kaya, M. H., & Özel, S. (2023). Teaching self-regulation through role modeling in K-12. Frontiers in Education, 8, 1105466. https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2023.1105466

Aguinis, H., & Kraiger, K. (2009). Benefits of training and development for individuals and teams, organizations, and society. Annual Review of Psychology, 60(1), 451–474. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.60.110707.163505

Ahmed, R. R., Azam, M., Qureshi, J. A., Arul, E., Parmar, V., & Salleh, N. Z. M. (2022). The relationship between internal employer branding and talent retention: A theoretical investigation for the development of a conceptual framework. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 859614. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.859614.

Ahmed, S. (2020). Human resource management practices as an antecedent of employee performance. Business Management and Economics Research, 6(10), 152–160. https://doi.org/10.32861/bmer.610.152.160

Ajjawi, R., Bearman, M., Molloy, E., & Noble, C. (2023). The role of feedback in supporting trainees who underperform in clinical environments. Frontiers in Medicine, 10, 1121602. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2023.1121602

Alam, M. A., Ahmed, R., & Sarkar, S. H. (2023). Managerial knowledge and skills transfer practices in Bangladesh. International Journal of Professional Business Review, 8(5), e02068. https://doi.org/10.26668/businessreview/2023.v8i5.2068

Alzahrani, A., & Shaddady, A. (2021). Influences of financial and non-financial compensation on employees’ turnover intention in the energy sector: The case of Aramco IPO. International Business Research, 14(6), 108–121. https://doi.org/10.5539/ibr.v14n6p108. https://doi.org/10

Ahmed, S. (2020). Human resource management practices as an antecedent of employee performance. Business Management and Economics Research, 6(10), 152–160. https://doi.org/10.32861/bmer.610.152.160

Ajjawi, R., Bearman, M., Molloy, E., & Noble, C. (2023). The role of feedback in supporting trainees who underperform in clinical environments. Frontiers in Medicine, 10, 1121602. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2023.1121602

Ambarawati, A. (2020). Reflecting teacher figure through personality. Pedagogi Hayati, 4(1), 19–25. https://doi.org/10.31629/ph.v4i1.2274

Ambu-Saidi, B., Fung, C. Y., Turner, K., & Lim, A. S. S. (2024). A critical review on training evaluation models: A search for future agenda. Journal of Cognitive Sciences and Human Development, 10(1), 142–163. https://doi.org/10.33736/jcshd.6336.2024

Amsari, D., Wahyuni, E., & Fadhilaturrahmi, F. (2024). The social learning theory Albert Bandura for elementary school students. Jurnal Basicedu, 8(2), 1654–1662. https://doi.org/10.31004/basicedu.v8i2.7247

Appiah, R., & Aheto, S.-P. K. (2021). Effects of work environment on staff training transfer in Ghanaian technology universities and polytechnics. Innovare Journal of Education, 9(1), 18–24. https://doi.org/10.22159/ijoe.2021v9i1.40692

Aqel, R., & Alkshali, S. J. (2022). Training programs and its impact on job competencies in Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources: A case study. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 12(5), 708–725. https://doi.org/10.6007/ijarbss/v12-i5/13229. https://doi.org/10

Arfian, F. (2021). Investigating the motivation level of students in online learning in junior high education institution during pandemic COVID-19. TEACHER: Jurnal Inovasi Karya Ilmiah Guru, 1(2), 210–215. https://doi.org/10.51878/teacher.v1i2.765

Aziz, A., Hussein, N., Husin, N. A., & Ibrahim, M. A. (2022). Trainers’ characteristics affecting online training effectiveness: A pre-experiment among students in a Malaysian secondary school. Sustainability, 14(17), 11047. https://doi.org/10.3390/su141711047. https://doi.org/10

Azmy, A. (2022). How great are implication factors for employee engagement in application-based technology company? Binus Business Review, 13(2), 119–126. https://doi.org/10.21512/bbr.v13i2.7932

Baldwin, T. T., & Ford, J. K. (1988). Transfer of training: A review and directions for future research. Personnel Psychology, 41(1), 63–105. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.1988.tb00632.x

Bandhu, D., Mohan, M. M., Nittala, N. A. P., Jadhav, P., Bhadauria, A., & Saxena, K. K. (2024). Theories of motivation: A comprehensive analysis of human behavior drivers. Acta Psychologica, 244, 104177. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2024.104177

Baldwin, T. T., & Ford, J. K. (1988). Transfer of training: A review and directions for future research. Personnel Psychology, 41(1), 63–105. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.1988.tb00632.x

Bandhu, D., Mohan, M. M., Nittala, N. A. P., Jadhav, P., Bhadauria, A., & Saxena, K. K. (2024). Theories of motivation: A comprehensive analysis of human behavior drivers. Acta Psychologica, 244, 104177. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2024.104177.

Bandura, A. (1986). Social foundations of thought and action: A social cognitive theory. Prentice-Hall.

Bauer, K. N., Orvis, K. A., Ely, K., & Surface, E. A. (2016). Re-examination of motivation in learning contexts: Meta-analytically investigating the role type of motivation plays in the prediction of key training outcomes. Journal of Business and Psychology, 31(1), 33–50. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10869-015-9401-1

Bisbey, T. M., Grossman, R., Panton, K., Coultas, C. W., & Salas, E. (2021). Design, delivery, evaluation, and transfer of effective training systems. In The Wiley Blackwell handbook of the psychology of training, development, and performance enhancement (pp. 414–436). Wiley Blackwell. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119636113.ch16

Burke, L. A., & Hutchins, H. M. (2007). Training transfer: An integrative literature review. Human Resource Development Review, 6(3), 263–296. https://doi.org/10.1177/1534484307303035

Burke-Smalley, L. A., & Mendenhall, M. E. (2022). Facilitating transfer of learning in professional development programs: A cognitive-behavioral tool. Management Teaching Review, 7(2), 155–167. https://doi.org/10.1177/2379298120953532

Chachar, S., Lothi, F., & Naz, N. (2022). Comparative study in the light of Herzberg’s two-factor theory of job satisfaction among academic staff in public and private sector universities of Islamabad. Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, 61(2), 91–104.

Chelliah, A. A. E., & Ahmed, S. R. (2021). Role of motivational factors on employee retention in service sectors: A study with special reference to Chennai city. International Journal of Research - GRANTHAALAYAH, 9(6), 10–22.

Cullen, S., & Oppenheimer, D. M. (2024). Choosing to learn: The importance of student autonomy in higher education. Science Advances, 10(29), eado6759. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.ado6759

de la Fuente, J., Martinez-Vicente, J. M., Santos, F. H., Sander, P., Fadda, S., Karagiannopoulou, E., Boruchovitch, E., & Kauffman, D. F. (2022). Advances on self-regulation models: A new research agenda through the SR vs. ER behavior theory in different psychology contexts. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 861493. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.861493

de Jong, B., Jansen in de Wal, J., Cornelissen, F., van der Lans, R., & Peetsma, T. (2022). How to predict transfer of training? Investigating the application of the unified model of task-specific motivation. Education Sciences, 12(12), 896. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci12120896

Deci, E. L., Olafsen, A. H., & Ryan, R. M. (2017). Self-determination theory in work organizations: The state of a science. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 4, 19–43. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-032516-113108

Diwedi, P., & Nema, P. (2023). The role of training and development in enhancing organizational performance. International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology, 11(12), 1309–1314. https://doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2023.57583

Drew, S. A., Awad, M. F., Armendariz, J., Gabay, B., Lachica, I. J., & Hinkel-Lipsker, J. W. (2020). The trade-off of virtual reality training for dart throwing: A facilitation of perceptual-motor learning with a detriment to performance. Frontiers in Sports and Active Living, 2, 59. https://doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2020.00059

du Plessis, A. J. (2021). Factors influencing training transfer in organizations. International Journal of Organizational Analysis, 29(2), 303–318. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJOA-05-2020-2196

Ellikkal, A., & Rajamohan, S. (2024). AI-enabled personalized learning: Empowering management students for improving engagement and academic performance. Vilakshan – XIMB Journal of Management. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1108/xjm-02-2024-0023

Fajri, M., Yunus, M., & Sakir, A. (2022). The effect of job stress, perceived organizational support, and training on employee performance with organizational commitment as mediation at BSI KC Banda Aceh Daud Beureueh. International Journal of Business Management and Economic Review, 5(2), 246–259. https://doi.org/10.35409/ijbmer.2022.3384

Febriyarso, E. B., & Ruslan, S. (2021). The importance role of competency-based on training, motivation and organizational culture in improving the employee performance in education and research training centers and HR development at the Ministry of Communication and Informatics. Dinasti International Journal of Education Management and Social Science, 2(4), 642–653. https://doi.org/10.31933/dijemss.v2i4.827

Ferdilan, R., Dhewanto, W., & Rustiadi, S. (2021). Evaluations of an entrepreneurship development program: A systematic literature review. JEMA: Jurnal Ilmiah Bidang Akuntansi Dan Manajemen, 18(2), 107–123. https://doi.org/10.31106/jema.v18i2.11461

Férriz-Valero, A., Østerlie, O., Martínez, S. G., & García-Jaén, M. (2020). Gamification in physical education: Evaluation of impact on motivation and academic performance within higher education. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(12), 4465. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17124465

Fitria, F., Yahya, M., Syahrul, S., Purnamawati, P., & Nur, H. (2023). The impact of a conducive learning environment on learning motivation and student achievement in vocational schools. Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, 749, 199–205. https://doi.org/10.2991/978-2-38476-084-8_27

Forner, V. W., Jones, M., Berry, Y. J., & Eidenfalk, J. (2021). Motivating workers: How leaders apply self-determination theory in organizations. Organization Management Journal, 18(2), 76–94. https://doi.org/10.1108/omj-03-2020-0891

Fukamizu, J., Verstegen, D., & Ho, S. C. (2021). International trainer perceptions of simulation-based learning: A qualitative study. International Journal of Medical Education, 12, 267–276. https://doi.org/10.5116/ijme.61b3.214c

Gagné, M., Parker, S. K., Griffin, M., Dunlop, P. D., Knight, C., Klonek, F. E., & Parent-Rocheleau, X. (2022). Understanding and shaping the future of work with self-determination theory. Nature Reviews Psychology, 1(7), 378–391. https://doi.org/10.1038/s44159-022-00056-w

Gao, Z., Chee, C. S., Wazir, M. R. W. N., Wang, J., Zheng, X., & Wang, T. (2024). The role of parents in the motivation of young athletes: A systematic review. Frontiers in Psychology, 14, 1291711. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1291711

Gautam, D. K., & Basnet, D. (2021). Organizational culture for training transfer: The mediating role of motivation. International Journal of Organizational Analysis, 29(3), 769–786. https://doi.org/10.1108/ijoa-04-2020-2147

Gawlik-Kobylińska, M., Maciejewski, P., Lebiedź, J., & Wysokińska-Senkus, A. (2020). Factors affecting the effectiveness of military training in virtual reality environment. Proceedings of the 2020 2nd International Conference on Image, Video and Signal Processing. https://doi.org/10.1145/3383923.3383950

Grossman, R., & Salas, E. (2011). The transfer of training: What really matters. International Journal of Training and Development, 15(2), 103–120. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2419.2011.00373.x

Gustiani, S., Ardiansyah, W., & Simanjuntak, T. (2022). Motivation in online learning amidst COVID-19 pandemic era: Students’ intrinsic and extrinsic factors. Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, 638, 176–181. https://doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.220202.029

Gyimah, E. (2015). Towards a conceptual model for effective transfer of training: An integrative literature review. Theoretical Economics Letters, 5(2), 136–148. https://doi.org/10.4236/tel.2015.52019

Harris, D., Bird, J. M., Smart, P., Wilson, M., & Vine, S. J. (2020). A framework for the testing and validation of simulated environments in experimentation and training. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 605. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00605

Hu, Y.-H., Asistido, R. L., & Villanueva, M. J. O. (2021). Influencing variables and implications in the teacher-student relationships. European Journal of Educational Research, 10(3), 1317–1331. https://doi.org/10.12973/eu-jer.10.3.1317

Hussain, A., Khan, M., Rakhmonov, D. A., Mamadiyarov, Z., Kurbonbekova, M. T., & Mahmudova, M. Q. K. (2023). Nexus of training and development, organizational learning capability, and organizational performance in the service sector. Sustainability, 15(4), 3246. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15043246

Hutchins, H. M., & Burke, L. A. (2007). In the trainer’s voice: A study of training transfer practices. Performance Improvement Quarterly, 20(1), 25–41. https://doi.org/10.1002/piq.204. https://doi.org/10

Ichdan, D. A. (2024). The effect of training, work environment, motivation, job satisfaction, and career satisfaction on employee productivity. Annals of Management and Organization Research, 6(1), 57–70. https://doi.org/10.35912/amor.v6i1.2264

Ishida, A., & Sekiyama, T. (2024). Variables influencing students’ learning motivation: Critical literature review. Frontiers in Education, 9, 1445011. https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2024.1445011

Ismael, N. B., Othman, B. J., Gardi, B., Hamza, P. A., Sorguli, S., Aziz, H. M., Ahmed, S. A., Sabir, B. Y., Ali, B. J., & Anwar, G. (2021). The role of training and development on organizational effectiveness. International Journal of Engineering, Business and Management, 5(3), 15–26. https://doi.org/10.22161/ijebm.5.3.3

Ismail, J. B., Chik, C. T., & Hemdi, M. A. (2021). TVET graduate employability: Mismatching traits between supply and demand. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 11(13), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.6007/ijarbss/v11-i13/8522

Juliano, J. M., & Liew, S.-L. (2020). Transfer of motor skill between virtual reality viewed using a head-mounted display and conventional screen environments. Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation, 17(1), 47. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12984-020-00678-2

Kanade, S. G., & Duffy, V. G. (2022). Use of virtual reality for safety training: A systematic review. In V. G. Duffy (Ed.), Lecture Notes in Computer Science: Vol. 13333. Digital Human Modeling and Applications in Health, Safety, Ergonomics and Risk Management (pp. 364–380). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-06018-2_25

Kaplan, A. D., Cruit, J., Endsley, M., Beers, S. M., Sawyer, B. D., & Hancock, P. A. (2021). The effects of virtual reality, augmented reality, and mixed reality as training enhancement methods: A meta-analysis. Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, 63(4), 706–726. https://doi.org/10.1177/0018720820904229

Kerins, J., Smith, S., Stirling, S. A., Wakeling, J., & Tallentire, V. R. (2021). Transfer of training from an internal medicine boot camp to the workplace: Enhancing and hindering factors. BMC Medical Education, 21(1), 472. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-021-02911-5

Khiat, H., & Vogel, S. (2022). A self-regulated learning management system: Enhancing performance, motivation and reflection in learning. Journal of University Teaching & Learning Practice, 19(2), 43–66. https://doi.org/10.53761/1.19.2.4.

Kim, S. (2022). Innovating workplace learning: Training methodology analysis based on content, instructional design, programmed learning, and recommendation framework. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 870574. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.870574

Koopmans, L., Bernaards, C. M., Hildebrandt, V. H., van Buuren, S., van der Beek, A. J., & de Vet, H. C. W. (2013). Development of an individual work performance questionnaire. International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management, 62(1), 6–28. https://doi.org/10.1108/17410401311285273

Kumyoung, A., Kessung, P., Pinasa, C., Srijumnong, J., & Inyai, C. (2024). Development of a causal model of self-regulated learning by students at Loei Rajabhat University. Frontiers in Education, 9, 1334995. https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2024.1334995

Kurniatun, T. C., Adam, M., Susila, H. M., & Djamaludin, M. (2021). Analysis of benefits and problems of leadership training. Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, 532, 82–86. https://doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.210212.012.

Lee, Z. (2023). Overcoming challenges in corporate training: A framework for effective training initiatives. Open Journal of Business and Management, 11(5), 2472–2489. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojbm.2023.115137.

Leuhery, F. (2024). The role of technology in employee training and development: A systematic review of recent advances and future directions. Journal of Management and Network, 1(3), 369–382. https://doi.org/10.62207/jmnzaw55

Li, M., Jameel, A., Ma, Z., Sun, H., Hussain, A., & Mubeen, S. (2022). Prism of employee performance through the means of internal support: A study of perceived organizational support. Psychology Research and Behavior Management, 15, 965–977. https://doi.org/10.2147/PRBM.S346697.

Lokman, A., Hassan, F., Ustadi, Y. A., Rahman, F. A. A., Zain, Z. M., & Rahmat, N. H. (2022). Investigating motivation for learning via Vroom’s theory. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 12(1), 164–176. https://doi.org/10.6007/ijarbss/v12-i1/11749

Lourenço, A. A., de Paiva, M. O. A., & Valente, S. (2025). Strategies that transform: Self-regulation and volitional control as keys to academic achievement. Social Sciences, 14(5), 285. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci14050285

Manik, S., Sembiring, M., Padang, I., & Manurung, L. (2022). Theory of Bandura’s social learning in the process of teaching at SMA Methodist Berastagi Kabupaten Karo. Jurnal Visi Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat, 3(2), 85–91. https://doi.org/10.51622/pengabdian.v3i2.729

Markwell, L. T., Cochran, K., & Porter, J. M. (2023). Off the shelf: Investigating transfer of learning using commercially available virtual reality equipment. PLoS ONE, 18(10), e0279856. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0279856

Mdhlalose, D. (2022). Transfer of training: The revised review and analysis. Open Journal of Business and Management, 10(6), 3245–3265. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojbm.2022.106161

Mash, R., & Edwards, J. (2020). Creating a learning environment in your practice or facility. South African Family Practice, 62(1), a5166. https://doi.org/10.4102/safp.v62i1.5166. https://doi.org/10

Mathis, R. S. (2020). Communicating influence: Positioning the trainer as an organizational leader. Journal of Workplace Learning, 32(8), 549–561. https://doi.org/10.1108/jwl-05-2020-0096.

Mehner, L., Rothenbusch, S., & Kauffeld, S. (2024). How to maximize the impact of workplace training: A mixed-method analysis of social support, training transfer and knowledge sharing. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1080/1359432X.2024.2319082

Mendoza, M. G., & Bautista, M. M. (2022). Local government training implementation: A mixed-methods evaluation. The Journal of Pedagogical and Cultural Horizons, 3(4), 45–59. https://zienjournals.com/index.php/tjpch/article/download/1057/858/1099

Moll-Khosrawi, P., Zimmermann, S., Zoellner, C., & Schulte-Uentrop, L. (2021). Understanding why all types of motivation are necessary in advanced anaesthesiology training levels and how they influence job satisfaction: Translation of the self-determination theory to healthcare. Healthcare, 9(3), 262. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9030262

Nirtha, E., Ismanto, B., & Sulasmono, B. S. (2021). LCL model: Experiential learning based training model development to improve teacher competence in designing learning. JPI (Jurnal Pendidikan Indonesia), 10(3), 430–442. https://doi.org/10.23887/jpi-undiksha.v10i3.33832

Nykänen, M., Puro, V., Tiikkaja, M., Kannisto, H., Lantto, E., Simpura, F., Uusitalo, J., Lukander, K., Räsänen, T., Heikkilä, T., & Teperi, A.-K. (2020). Implementing and evaluating novel safety training methods for construction sector workers: Results of a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Safety Research, 75, 205–216. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsr.2020.09.015

Onososen, A., & Innocent, M. (2025). Virtual reality (VR)-based training in human-robot collaboration: Mediating role of VR learning experience. Technology, Knowledge and Learning, 30(1), 2087. https://doi.org/10.7771/3067-4883.2087

Osafo, E., Paros, A., & Yawson, R. M. (2021). Valence–instrumentality–expectancy model of motivation as an alternative model for examining ethical leadership behaviors. SAGE Open, 11(2). https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440211021896

Pâni-oară, I. O., Lazăr, I., Pâni-oară, G., Chirca, R., & Ursu, A. S. (2020). Motivation and continuance intention towards online instruction among teachers during the COVID-19 pandemic: The mediating effect of burnout and technostress. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(21), 8002. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17218002

Pedram, S., Skarbez, R., Palmisano, S., Farrelly, M. C., & Perez, P. (2021). Lessons learned from immersive and desktop VR training of mines rescuers. Frontiers in Virtual Reality, 2, 627333. https://doi.org/10.3389/frvir.2021.627333

Philippine Institute for Development Studies (PIDS). (2025). Examining the effects of technical-vocational education and training (TVET) on employment outcomes in the Philippines. PIDS Policy Research Paper Series. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/392464598

Platania, S., Morando, M., Gruttadauria, S. V., & Koopmans, L. (2024). The individual work performance questionnaire: Psychometric properties of the Italian version. European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education, 14(1), 49–63. https://doi.org/10.3390/ejihpe14010004

Quratulain, S., Khan, A. K., Sabharwal, M., & Javed, B. (2021). Effects of self-efficacy and instrumentality beliefs on training implementation behaviors: Testing the moderating effect of organisational climate. Public Organization Review, 22, 267–285. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11115-021-00528-w

Radhakrishnan, U., Chinello, F., & Koumaditis, K. (2023). Investigating the effectiveness of immersive VR skill training and its link to physiological arousal. Virtual Reality, 27(2), 1091–1105. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10055-022-00699-3

Rahaman, M. A., Ali, M. J., Wafik, H. M. A., Mamoon, Z. R., & Islam, M. M. (2020). What factors do motivate employees at the workplace? Evidence from service organizations. Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business, 7(12), 515–521. https://doi.org/10.13106/jafeb.2020.vol7.no12.515

Renganayagalu, S. K., Mallam, S. C., & Nazir, S. (2021). Effectiveness of VR head-mounted displays in professional training: A systematic review. Technology, Knowledge and Learning, 26(4), 999–1035. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10758-020-09489-9

Rose, A.-L., Dee, J. R., & Leišytė, L. (2020). Organizational learning through projects: A case of a German university. The Learning Organization, 27(2), 85–97. https://doi.org/10.1108/tlo-11-2018-0200

Salamon, J., Blume, B. D., Orosz, G., & Nagy, T. (2022). The moderating effect of coworkers’ training participation on the influence of peer support in the transfer process. European Journal of Training and Development, 47(3/4), 384–400. https://doi.org/10.1108/ejtd-07-2021-0102

Sarfraz, M. D., Hussain, Z., Syed, N., Rehman, F., Abdul Wahab, S. R., & Salihuddin, M. (2021). Work environment and training transfer intentions: Does organizational justice moderate their relationship? SAGE Open, 11(4). https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440211046941

Scorgie, D. G., Feng, Z., Paes, D., Parisi, F., Yiu, T. W., & Lovreglio, R. (2024). Virtual reality for safety training: A systematic literature review and meta-analysis. Safety Science, 171, 106372. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2023.106372

Senate Economic Planning Office. (2024). Empowering futures: Enhancing enterprise-based training in the Philippines [Policy Brief]. Senate of the Philippines. https://web.senate.gov.ph/publications/SEPO/SEPO_Policy%20Brief%20on%20Enterprise-based%20Training_final.pdf

Sheldon, S., Fan, C. L., Uner, I., & Young, M. Q. (2023). Learning strategy impacts medical diagnostic reasoning in early learners. Cognitive Research: Principles and Implications, 8(1), 16. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41235-023-00472-3

Shkoler, O., & Kimura, T. (2020). How does work motivation impact employees’ investment at work and their job engagement? A moderated-moderation perspective through an international lens. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 38. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00038.

Singh, S. (2017). Trainee characteristics and transfer of training: Effect of supervisory support. Journal of Business and Management Research, 2(1–2), 1–13.

Smith, B., & Wyness, L. (2024). What makes professional teacher development in universities effective? Lessons from an international systematised review. Professional Development in Education. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1080/19415257.2024.2386666

Snider, M. D. H., Taylor, R. M., Bills, L. J., Hutchison, S. L., Steinman, S. A., & Herschell, A. D. (2023). Implementing trauma-informed care through a learning collaborative: A theory-driven analysis of sustainability. Community Mental Health Journal, 59(5), 881–892. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10597-022-01072-z

Srisamran, P., & Ractham, V. V. (2020). Impact of knowledge adoption and cognitive learning in the knowledge transfer process. International Journal of Knowledge Management, 16(3), 1–22. https://doi.org/10.4018/ijkm.2020070101

Stewart, L. J., Palmer, S., Wilkin, H., Kerrin, M., Passmore, J., & Tee, D. (2020). Toward a model of coaching transfer. In S. Palmer & A. Whybrow (Eds.), Handbook of coaching psychology: A guide for practitioners (2nd ed., pp. 379–398). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429263695-20.

Summers, M. R. (2021). Elevating training effectiveness: Exploring the factors in the learner’s environment that influence training transfer. Muma Business Review, 5(10), 139–153. https://doi.org/10.28945/4825

Szulawski, M., Kaźmierczak, I., & Prusik, M. (2021). Is self-determination good for your effectiveness? A study of factors which influence performance within self-determination theory. PLoS ONE, 16(9), e0256558. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0256558

Toom, A., Pyhältö, K., Pietarinen, J., & Soini, T. (2021). Professional agency for learning as a key for developing teachers’ competencies? Education Sciences, 11(7), 324. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci11070324

Towler, A., & Dipboye, R. L. (2001). Effects of trainer expressiveness, organization, and trainee goal orientation on training outcomes. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86(4), 664–673. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.86.4.664

University of the Philippines Manila. (2023). Training needs assessment: Basis for the development of training programs for employees in a public higher education institution. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/384931096

Urhahne, D., & Wijnia, L. (2023). Theories of motivation in education: An integrative framework. Educational Psychology Review, 35(2), 43. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10648-023-09767-9

Vaag, J. R., Sætren, G. B., Halvorsen, T. H., & Sørgård, S. D. (2022). A psychological investigation of selection criteria for learning agents (super users) and allocation of responsibilities in the implementation of technological change. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 928217. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.928217

Valenzuela, J., Miranda-Ossandón, J., Muñoz, C., Precht, A., del Valle, M., & Vergaño-Salazar, J.-G. (2024). Learning-oriented motivation: Examining the impact of teaching practices with motivational potential. PLoS ONE, 19(2), e0297877. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0297877

Vergara-Morales, J., & del Valle, M. (2021). From the basic psychological needs satisfaction to intrinsic motivation: Mediating effect of academic integration. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 612023. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.612023

Wihak, S. (2022). Transfer in der berufsbezogenen Weiterbildung: Systematisches Literaturreview und Synthese mit Blick auf die Handlungsmöglichkeiten der Lehrenden [Transfer in vocational training: Systematic literature review and synthesis with a view to the teachers’ options for action]. Zeitschrift für Weiterbildungsforschung, 45(1), 69–91. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40955-022-00204-y

World Bank. (2018). Enterprise-based training and labor market outcomes: Evidence from the Philippines (Policy Research Working Paper No. 8429). https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/576691525362185723/pdf/WPS8429.pdf

Xie, B., Liu, H., Alghofaili, R., Zhang, Y., Jiang, Y., Lobo, F. D., Li, C., Li, W., Huang, H., Akdere, M., Mousas, C., & Yu, L.-F. (2021). A review on virtual reality skill training applications. Frontiers in Virtual Reality, 2, 645153. https://doi.org/10.3389/frvir.2021.645153

Yafi, E., Tehseen, S., & Haider, S. A. (2021). Impact of green training on environmental performance through mediating role of competencies and motivation. Sustainability, 13(10), 5624. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13105624

Yağar, G., Deryahanoğlu, G., & Turan, E. B. (2025). A study on the relationship between personality and motivation in leisure participants. PLoS ONE, 20(2), e0318168. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0318168

Yang, M., Lowell, V. L., Talafha, A. M., & Harbor, J. (2020). Transfer of training, trainee attitudes and best practices in training design: A multiple-case study. TechTrends, 64(2), 280–290. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11528-019-00456-5.

Yimam, M. H. (2022). Impact of training on employees performance: A case study of Bahir Dar University, Ethiopia. Cogent Education, 9(1), 2107301. https://doi.org/10.1080/2331186X.2022.2107301.

Yimam, M. H. (2022). Impact of training on employees performance: A case study of Bahir Dar University, Ethiopia. Cogent Education, 9(1), 2107301. https://doi.org/10.1080/2331186X.2022.2107301.

Zulkifly, N. A. (2022). The influence of training design factors on training transfer: A preliminary study. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 12(12), 1782–1794. https://doi.org/10.6007/ijarbss/v12-i12/15715

Downloads

Published

2025-09-12

How to Cite

Combong, J. L., & Lelis, C. (2025). Trainers’ Characteristics and Trainees’ Motivational Orientation as Predictor of Transfer of Training. American Journal of Human Psychology, 3(1), 147–160. https://doi.org/10.54536/ajhp.v3i1.5719