Linking Land Use and Land Cover with Water Quality in the Pinacanauan de Tuguegarao River: Evidence from a Riparian Scale Analysis for Watershed Management
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.54536/ajec.v5i2.6366Keywords:
Buffer Zone, Correlation Analysis, GIS, LULC, Water QualityAbstract
The study examined the impacts of agriculture, forests, and built-up areas on the water quality indices of the Pinacanauan de Tuguegarao (PdT) River, a designated Water Quality Management Area in northern Philippines. GIS and Pearson correlation analysis were used to determine the relationship between land use and land cover (LULC) and the water quality parameters using a 500-m buffer zone around the sampling station. Data used in the study include focus group discussions (FGD), on-site visits, LULC from ESRI Sentinel-2 imagery with a 10-m resolution, and water quality monitoring results from the Environmental Management Bureau (EMB) Regional Office 2. The Kappa coefficient verified the accuracy of the processed LULC maps, ranging from 89% to 94%, indicating reliability for subsequent analyses. Built-up areas were directly associated with temperature, TSS, nitrate, and fecal coliform, while negatively correlated with DO. Observations on the ground, such as drainage and sewage systems directly discharging wastewater into the river, quarrying activities, poor waste management, and other anthropogenic activities, negatively affect the water quality of the river. Conversely, riparian vegetation was negatively correlated with temperature, nitrate, TSS, BOD, and fecal coliform, while positively correlated with DO. Unexpectedly, agricultural areas had an inverse relationship with temperature and nitrate, while there was a positive correlation with DO. Correlation results of forest and agriculture highlight the critical role of riparian vegetation in maintaining the ecological condition of the PdT River. Further studies may consider a multi-buffer zone analysis to capture the cumulative effects of land uses at broader spatial scales.
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