Multidisciplinary Assessment of Adsorption Kinetics and Isotherm Modeling of Crude Oil Removal Using Agro-Waste-Derived Nanomaterials: An Integrative Approach with Sonographic, Medical, Biochemical, and Analytical Perspectives

Abstract

Crude oil spills are an increasingly urgent global concern due to their profound environmental and public health consequences. This study investigates the potential of agro-waste-derived nanostructured sorbent specifically synthesized from rice and melon husks for the remediation of crude oil-contaminated water. Using a multidisciplinary framework, the research incorporates analytical chemistry, biochemistry, sonography, and medical diagnostics to assess both the efficiency and biomedical safety of the nanomaterials. Adsorption experiments for Premium Motor Spirit (PMS) were conducted. Characterization using Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET)  and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis revealed high porosity, favorable surface morphology, and the presence of polar functional groups that enhance sorption. Kinetic modeling followed pseudo-second-order kinetics, confirming chemisorption, while Langmuir isotherm modeling demonstrated monolayer adsorption on homogeneous surfaces.Toxicological evaluation was carried out on albino rats grouped into control, oil-exposed, and remediated water cohorts. Biochemical markers such as ALT (Alanine Transaminase), AST (Aspartate Transaminase), creatinine, and urea levels were measured to assess hepatic and renal function. Elevated enzyme levels in oil-exposed rats (ALT: 120 IU/L; AST: 145 IU/L; Creatinine: 2.6 mg/dL) were significantly reduced post-treatment (ALT: 52 IU/L; AST: 65 IU/L; Creatinine: 1.3 mg/dL), approaching control values (p < 0.05). Sonographic scans indicated hepatomegaly and hyperechogenicity in contaminated groups, while remediated groups showed normalization of liver and kidney echotexture. Medical analysis concluded that the sorbents not only removed toxic hydrocarbons but also reversed or prevented hepatic and renal structural damage.This integrative study underscores the synergistic value of combining environmental nanotechnology with clinical diagnostics. The results validate the potential of using rice and melon husk-derived nanomaterials as eco-friendly, cost-effective, and biologically safe options for crude oil remediation.