A Study of The Characterization of Purified Fly Ash from Xi’an Linyuan Silica Limited
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.54536/ajcp.v2i2.1608Keywords:
Characterization, Silica, Coal, Combustion, Fly AshAbstract
Coal is a well-known source of electric power generation all over the globe. Pulverized coal combustion and fluidized coal bed combustion are the two conventional methods involved in the combustion of coal in thermal power plants. Pulverized coal combustion is operated at >14000C while the fluid bed is operated at a temperature between 850-9000C. The first two reactions are the main reactions in the coal combustion process and they are exothermic reactions. CO2 and CO are the first two combustion products. The inorganic minerals in coal are released as waste products in the combustion plants in which fly ash made a large part of the waste materials. Fly ash is formed due to the incomplete combustion of coal. The fly ash from both methods contains SiO2, Al, etc, which are significant constituents. High-grade coal has a higher SiO2 than the low grade. An experiment was conducted by preparing four samples of fly ash heated at 5000C, 6000C, 7000C, and 8000C, and one unheated sample to investigate the chemical composition of the fly ash obtained from Xi’an Linyuan Silica Limited and to prove its suitability as raw material for the fabrication of refractory composites. SEM, EDS, XRD, and FTIR characterization were done on all five samples to determine the chemical parameters of the fly ash. According to the result and analysis of the four characterizations, it was discovered that the fly ash used in this research contains SiO2. SEM/EDS morphological analysis reveals the presence of spherical and a few geometrical crystalline-shaped structures known as cenospheres. Cenospheres are important components for the synthesis of refractory composites. The EDS micrographs show the percentages of silicon and oxygen in the fly ash. The FTIR results show Si-O-Si stretching in all the fly ash prepared samples. In the XRD, it was discovered that the fly ash was purely SiO2.
Downloads
References
Adler, Hans H, & Kerr, Paul F. (1963). Infrared spectra, symmentry and structure relations of some carbonate minerals. American Mineralogist: Journal of Earth and Planetary Materials, 48(7-8), 839-853.
Adriano, DC, Page, AL, Elseewi, A A, Chang, AC, & Straughan, I. (1980). Utilization and disposal of fly ash and other coal residues in terrestrial ecosystems: a review. Journal of Environmental quality, 9(3), 333-344.
Batra, Vidya S, Urbonaite, Sigita, & Svensson, Gunnar. (2008). Characterization of unburned carbon in bagasse fly ash. Fuel, 87(13-14), 2972-2976.
Bird, Graeme A. (1994). Molecular gas dynamics and the direct simulation of gas flows. Molecular gas dynamics and the direct simulation of gas flows.
Blissett, RS, & Rowson, NA. (2012). A review of the multi-component utilisation of coal fly ash. Fuel, 97, 1-23.
Bourtsalas, Athanasios. (2015). Processing the problematic fine fraction of incinerator bottom ash into a raw material for manufacturing ceramics. Imperial College London.
Bunge, Rainer. (2015). Recovery of metals from waste incinerator bottom ash. Removal, Treatment and Utilisation of Waste Incineration Bottom Ash; Holm, O., Thome-Kozmiensky, E., Eds, 63-143.
Cheng, TW, & Chen, YS. (2003). On formation of CaO–Al2O3–SiO2 glass–ceramics by vitrification of incinerator fly ash. Chemosphere, 51(9), 817-824.
Coates, JP. (1977). The IR analysis of Quartz and Asbestos. Nelioth Offset Ltd., Chesham, England.
Criado, María, Fernández-Jiménez, Ana, De La Torre, AG, Aranda, MAG, & Palomo, A. (2007). An XRD study of the effect of the SiO2/Na2O ratio on the alkali activation of fly ash. Cement and concrete research, 37(5), 671-679.
Dahlan, IRVAN, Mei, GM, Kamaruddin, AZLINA HARUN, Mohamed, ABDUL RAHMAN, & Lee, KEAT TEONG. (2008). Removal of SO2 and NO over rice husk ash (RHA)/CaO-supported metal oxides. Journal of Engineering Science and Technology, 3(2), 109-116.
Erol, M, Küçükbayrak, S, & Ersoy-Mericboyu, A. (2008). Comparison of the properties of glass, glass–ceramic and ceramic materials produced from coal fly ash. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 153(1-2), 418-425.
Fan, JR, Zha, XD, Sun, P, & Cen, KF. (2001). Simulation of ash deposit in a pulverized coal-fired boiler. Fuel, 80(5), 645-654.
Fenelonov, Vladimir Borisovich, Mel’gunov, Maxim Sergeevich, & Parmon, Valentin N. (2010). The properties of cenospheres and the mechanism of their formation during high-temperature coal combustion at thermal power plans. KONA Powder and Particle Journal, 28, 189-208.
Foday Jr, Edward Hingha, Bo, Bai, & Xu, Xiaohui. (2021). Removal of toxic heavy metals from contaminated aqueous solutions using seaweeds: A review. Sustainability, 13(21), 12311.
Foday Jr, Edward Hingha, Ramli, Nurul As’shikin, Ismail, Hairu Nabilah, Malik, Nulhazwany Abdul, Basri, Hazlami Fikri, Aziz, Fatihah Syahirah Abdul, . . . Jumhat, Fairoz. (2017). Municipal solid waste characteristics in Taman Universiti, Skudai, Johore, Malaysia. Journal of Advanced Research Design, 38, 13-20.
Gollakota, Anjani RK, Volli, Vikranth, & Shu, Chi-Min. (2019). Progressive utilisation prospects of coal fly ash: A review. Science of the Total Environment, 672, 951-989.
Halmann, Martin M. (1995). Photodegradation of water pollutants: CRC press.
Hlavay, Jozsef, Jonas, K, Elek, S, & Inczedy, J. (1978). Characterization of the particle size and the crystallinity of certain minerals by IR spectrophotometry and other instrumental methods—II. Investigations on quartz and feldspar. Clays and Clay Minerals, 26, 139-143.
Hoomans, BPB, Kuipers, JAM, Briels, Willem J, & van Swaaij, Willibrordus Petrus Maria. (1996). Discrete particle simulation of bubble and slug formation in a two-dimensional gas-fluidised bed: a hard-sphere approach. Chemical Engineering Science, 51(1), 99-118.
Joshi, Ramesh C, & Lohita, RP. (1997). Fly ash in concrete: production, properties and uses, 2, CRC Press.
Karr, Clarence. (2013). Infrared and Raman spectroscopy of lunar and terrestrial minerals: Elsevier.
Katara, S., Kabra, S., Sharma, A., Hada, R., & Rani, A. (2013). Surface modification of fly ash by thermal activation: a DR/FTIR study. International Research Journal of Pure and Applied Chemistry, 3(4), 299-307.
Kim, Ann G. (2002). Physical and chemical characteristics of CCB. Paper presented at the Proceedings of Coal Combustion By-Products and Western Coal Mines: A Technical Interactive Forum. Allton, IL: US Department of the Interior, Office of Surface Mining.
Langford, H., Hodson, A., & Banwart, S. (2011). Using FTIR spectroscopy to characterise the soil mineralogy and geochemistry of cryoconite from Aldegondabreen glacier, Svalbard. Applied Geochemistry, 26, S206-S209.
Lee, FCC, & Lockwood, FC. (1999). Modelling ash deposition in pulverized coal-fired applications. Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, 25(2), 117-132.
Lee, See Hoon, Lee, Tae Hee, Jeong, Sang Mun, & Lee, Jong Min. (2019). Economic analysis of a 600 mwe ultra supercritical circulating fluidized bed power plant based on coal tax and biomass co-combustion plans. Renewable Energy, 138, 121-127.
Li, Gengda, Li, Shuiqing, Huang, Qian, & Yao, Qiang. (2015). Fine particulate formation and ash deposition during pulverized coal combustion of high-sodium lignite in a down-fired furnace. Fuel, 143, 430-437.
Li, Lin, Wang, Shaobin, & Zhu, Zhonghua. (2006). Geopolymeric adsorbents from fly ash for dye removal from aqueous solution. Journal of colloid and interface science, 300(1), 52-59.
Li, Shuiqing, Marshall, Jeffrey S, Liu, Guanqing, & Yao, Qiang. (2011). Adhesive particulate flow: The discrete-element method and its application in energy and environmental engineering. Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, 37(6), 633-668.
Liu, Guanqing, Li, Shuiqing, & Yao, Qiang. (2011). A JKR-based dynamic model for the impact of micro-particle with a flat surface. Powder Technology, 207(1-3), 215-223.
Maroto-Valer, MM, Taulbee, DN, & Hower, JC. (2001). Characterization of differing forms of unburned carbon present in fly ash separated by density gradient centrifugation. Fuel, 80(6), 795-800.
Matrajt, G, Borg, J, Raynal, PI, Djouadi, Z, d’Hendecourt, L, Flynn, G, & Deboffle, D. (2004). FTIR and Raman analyses of the Tagish Lake meteorite: Relationship with the aliphatic hydrocarbons observed in the diffuse interstellar medium. Astronomy & Astrophysics, 416(3), 983-990.
Miller, Bruce G. (2010). Clean coal engineering technology: Elsevier.
Mishra, Barun, & Baliarsingh, Sandeep Kumar. (2008). Kinetics of iron ore reduction by coal and charcoal.
Molina, A, & Poole, C. (2004). A comparative study using two methods to produce zeolites from fly ash. Minerals Engineering, 17(2), 167-173.
Oves, Mohammad, Khan, Mohammad Saghir, Zaidi, Almas, & Ahmad, Ees. (2012). Soil contamination, nutritive value, and human health risk assessment of heavy metals: an overview: Springer.
Pavlish, John H, Sondreal, Everett A, Mann, Michael D, Olson, Edwin S, Galbreath, Kevin C, Laudal, Dennis L, & Benson, Steven A. (2003). Status review of mercury control options for coal-fired power plants. Fuel processing technology, 82(2-3), 89-165.
Pedersen, Kim Hougaard, Jensen, Anker Degn, Skjøth-Rasmussen, Martin Skov, & Dam-Johansen, Kim. (2008). A review of the interference of carbon containing fly ash with air entrainment in concrete. Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, 34(2), 135-154.
Pundienė, Ina, Korjakins, Aleksandrs, Pranckevičienė, Jolanta, & Kligys, Modestas. (2018). Effect of silicon carbide aggregate, prepared by different methods, on the properties of refractory concrete with cenospheres. Ceramics International, 44(13), 15944-15953.
Rahman, A., Farrok, O., & Haque, M. M. (2022). Environmental impact of renewable energy source based electrical power plants: Solar, wind, hydroelectric, biomass, geothermal, tidal, ocean, and osmotic. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 161, 112279.
Ramasamy, V, Rajkumar, P, & Ponnusamy, V. (2006). FTIR spectroscopic analysis and mineralogical characterization of Vellar river sediments. Bull. Pure Appl. Sci, 25(1), 49-55.
Ramasamy, V, Rajkumar, P, & Ponnusamy, V. (2009). Depth wise analysis of recently excavated Vellar river sediments through FTIR and XRD studies. Indian journal of physics, 83, 1295-1308.
Ramasamy, V, Suresh, G, Meenakshisundaram, V, & Ponnusamy, V. (2011). Horizontal and vertical characterization of radionuclides and minerals in river sediments. Applied Radiation and Isotopes, 69(1), 184-195.
Ratafia-Brown, Jay A. (1994). Overview of trace element partitioning in flames and furnaces of utility coal-fired boilers. Fuel Processing Technology, 39(1-3), 139-157.
Richards, Galen H, Slater, Peter N, & Harb, John N. (1993). Simulation of ash deposit growth in a pulverized coal-fired pilot scale reactor. Energy & Fuels, 7(6), 774-781.
Rios Reyes, Carlos A. (2008). Synthesis of zeolites from geological materials and industrial wastes for potential application in environmental problems.
Schwarze, PE, Øvrevik, J, Låg, M, Refsnes, M, Nafstad, P, Hetland, RB, & Dybing, E. (2006). Particulate matter properties and health effects: consistency of epidemiological and toxicological studies. Human & experimental toxicology, 25(10), 559-579.
Smidt, Ena, Böhm, Katharina, & Schwanninger, Manfred. (2011). The application of FT-IR spectroscopy in waste management. Fourier Transforms-New Analytical Approaches and FTIR Strategies. Rijeka, Croatia: InTech, 405-430.
Summer, ME. (1995). Hand book of soil science, University of Georgia: Boca Raton Hondor press, New York.
Tsuji, Y, Tanaka, Toshitsugu, & Yonemura, Shigeru. (1998). Cluster patterns in circulating fluidized beds predicted by numerical simulation (discrete particle model versus two-fluid model). Powder Technology, 95(3), 254-264.
Valavanidis, Athanasios, Fiotakis, Konstantinos, & Vlachogianni, Thomais. (2008). Airborne particulate matter and human health: toxicological assessment and importance of size and composition of particles for oxidative damage and carcinogenic mechanisms. Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part C, 26(4), 339-362.
Vassilev, Stanislav V, Baxter, David, Andersen, Lars K, & Vassileva, Christina G. (2013). An overview of the composition and application of biomass ash. Part 1. Phase–mineral and chemical composition and classification. Fuel, 105, 40-76.
Vassilev, Stanislav V, & Vassileva, Christina G. (1996). Mineralogy of combustion wastes from coal-fired power stations. Fuel Processing Technology, 47(3), 261-280.
Waldmann, L, & Schmitt, KH. (1966). Thermophoresis and diffusiophoresis of aerosols Aerosol science (Vol. 137): Academic Press New York.
Zeng, Xiongwei, Zheng, Shu, Zhou, Huaichun, Fang, Qingyan, & Lou, Chun. (2016). Char burnout characteristics of five coals below and above ash flow temperature: TG, SEM, and EDS analysis. Applied Thermal Engineering, 103, 1156-1163.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2023 Saidu Kamara, Edward Hingha Foday Jr, Wei Wang
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
