Socioeconomic Determinants of Decisions and Degree of Crop Diversification Among Smallholder Rice Producers in Côte d’Ivoire
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.54536/ajmri.v2i1.1200Keywords:
Crop Diversification, Cragg Hurdle Regression, Smallholder Rice FarmersAbstract
Crop diversification is a strategy used by producers to address their household food insecurity. This study analyzes the factors that influence households’ decision to participate in crop diversification on their plot and the determinants of the level of diversification based on survey data obtained through stratified sampling in the Tonkpi, Poro and Tchologo regions in 2020. The Herfindahl index was used to classify producers according to their degree of crop diversification. Applying the Cragg hurdle regression, the study shows that the decision to diversify crops is positively associated with household size, group membership, male gender, number of farm equipment, access to formal credit, distance from town, and region of residence of the producer and negatively associated with producer age and distance from the plot. The degree of diversification is positively associated with group membership and access to formal credit. The results therefore suggest policies to facilitate access to credit and to train and supervise producer groups in rural areas.
Downloads
References
Abdulai, A., & CroleRees, A. (2001). Determinants of income diversification among rural households in Southern Mali. Food policy, 26(4), 437-452.
Acharya, S.P., Basavaraja, H., Kunnal, L.B., Mahajanashetti, S. B., & Bhat, A.R.S. (2011). Crop diversification in Karnataka: An economic analysis. Agric. Econ. Res Rev., 24, 351-357.
Aneani, F. M. A. V., Anchirinah, V. M., Owusu-Ansah, F., & Asamoah, M. (2011). An analysis of the extent and determinants of crop diversification by cocoa (Theobroma cacao) farmers in Ghana. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 6(18), 4277-4287.
Assefa, A., & Gezahegn, A. (2010). Adoption of Improved Technology in Ethiopia. Ethiop J. Econ.,19(1),155-180.
Ashfaq, M., Hassan, S., Naseer, M. Z., Baig I. A., & Asma, J. (2008). Factors affecting farm diversification in rice–wheat. Pak. J. Agri. Sci., 45(3), 91-94.
Belay, A., Recha, J. W., Woldeamanuel, T., & Morton, J. F. (2017). Smallholder farmers’ adaptation to climate change and determinants of their adaptation decisions in the Central Rift Valley of Ethiopia. Agriculture & Food Security, 6(1), 1-13.
Bellemare, M. F., & Barrett, C. B. (2006). An ordered tobit model of market participation: evidence from Kenya and Ethiopia. Am J Agric Econ, 88, 324–37.
Benin, S., Smale, M., Gebremedhin, B., Pender, J., & Ehui, S. (2004). The determinants of cereal crop diversity on farms in the Ethiopian Highlands. Contributed paper for the 25th international conference of agricultural economists, Durban, South Africa. Https:// doi. org/ 10. 1016/j. agecon. 2004. 09. 007.
Block, S., & Timmer, P. (1994). Agriculture and economic growth: conceptual issues and the Kenyan experience.Development Discussion Paper No. 498. Cambridge, MA, USA.
Burke, W. J. (2009). Fitting and interpreting Cragg’s Tobit alternative using Stata. Stata J, 9, 584–92.
Cragg, J. G. (1971). Some statistical models for limited dependent variables with application to the demand for durable goods. Econometrica, 39, 829–44.
Derso, D., Tolossa, D., & Seyoum, A. (2022). A double hurdle estimation of crop diversification decisions by smallholder wheat farmers in Sinana District, Bale Zone, Ethiopia. CABI Agriculture and Bioscience. https://doi.org/10.1186/s43170-022-00098-3.
Dessie, A. B., Abate, T. M., & Mekie, T. M. (2019). Crop diversification analysis on red pepper dominated smallholder farming system: evidence from Northwest Ethiopia. Ecol Processes, 8(50).
Degye, G., Belay, K., & Mengistu, K. (2012). Does Crop Diversification Enhance Household Food Security?
Evidence from Rural Ethiopia. Sciences and Engineering Research, 2(11), 503 - 515. Available: Online at http://www.ejournal.sedinst.com
FAO (2021). FAOSTAT: Value of Agricultural Production. In: FAO [online]. Rome. [Cited 12 July 2021]. http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QV
Fetien, A., Bjornstad, A., & Smale, M. (2009). Measuring on farm diversity and determinants of barley diversity in Tigray, Northern Ethiopia. MEJS, 1(2), 44–66.
Gebremedhin, B., & Jaleta, M. (2010). Commercialization of smallholders: is market participation enough?. In:Proceedings of the joint 3rd African Association of Agricultural Economists (AAAE) and 48th Agricultural Economists Association of South Africa (AEASA), Cape Town, South Africa, 19–23 September 2010.
Haggblade, S., Hazell, P., & Reardon, T. (2010). The Rural Non-farm Economy: Prospects for Growth and Poverty Reduction. World Development, 38(10), 1429-1441.
Ground, M., & Koch, S.F. (2008). Hurdle models of alcohol and tobacco expenditure in South African households. S Afr J Econ, 76, 132–43.
Kefyalew, G. (2012). Analysis of smallholder farmer’s participation in production and marketing of export potential crops: the case of sesame in Diga District, East Wollega Zone of Oromia Regional State. Master’s Thesis, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
Lighton, D., & Emmanuel, G. (2016). Factors influencing smallholder crop diversification: a case study of
Manicaland and Masvingo Provinces in Zimbabwe. Int J Reg Dev, 3(2), 2373–9851.
Magurran, A. (1988). Ecological diversity and its measurement. Princeton: Princeton University Press; https ://doi. org/ 10. 1007/ 978- 94- 015- 7358-0.
Malik, D. P., & Singh, I. J. (2002). Crop diversification-an economic analysis. Indian J Agric Res, 36(1), 61–4.
Matshe, I., & Young, T. (2004). Off-farm labour allocation decisions in small-scale rural households in Zimbabwe.
Agric Econ, 30, 175–86.
Moffatt, P. G. (2005). Hurdle models of loan default. J Oper Res Soc, 56, 1063–71.
Mugendi, N., E. (2013). Crop diversification: A potential strategy to mitigate food insecurity by smallholders in sub-Saharan Africa. Journal of Agriculture, Food Systems, and Community Development, 3(4), 63–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.5304/jafscd.2013.034.006
Omer, S., C. (2015). Determining factors of the strategies for diversifying sources of income for rural households in Burkina Faso. Journal of Development and Agricultural Economics, 7(1), 20-28.
Pingali, P. L., & Rosegrant, M. W. (1995). Agricultural commercialization and diversification: processes and
policies. Food policy, 20(3), 171-185.
Rahman, S. (2008). Determinants of crop choices by Bangladeshi farmers: A bivariate Probit analysis. Asian J. Agric. Devt. 1(5), 29-42.
Reardon, T., Berdegué, J., Barrett, C. B., & Stamoulis, K. (2007). Household Income Diversification into Rural
Nonfarm Activities. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Rehima, M., Belay, M., Dawit, A., & Shahidur, R. (2013). Factors affecting farmers’ crops diversification: evidence from SNNPR, Ethiopia. Int J Agric Sci. 3(6), 558–65.
Riquet, C., Musiime, D., & Marita, C. (2017). National Survey and Segmentation of Smallholder Households in Côte d’Ivoire. CGAP: Washington, DC, USA
Seid, N., & Seebens, H. (2008). The impact of location on crop choice and rural livelihood: Evidences from villages in northern Ethiopia. ZEF Discussion Papers, 123, 1-27.
Shahbaz, P., Boz, I., & Haq, S. U. (2017). Determinants of crop diversification in mixed cropping zone of Punjab Pakistan. Direct Research Journal Agricultural Food Science, 5(11), 360-366.
Sichoongwe, K.., Mapemba, L., Ng’ng’ola, D., & Temb, G. (2014). The Determinants and Extent of Crop Diversification among Smallholder Farmers. A case study of Southern Province, Zambia, Malawi strategy support program, working papers 05, Washington DC. Https :// doi. org/ 10. 5539/ jas. v6n11 p150.
Thapa, G., Kumar, A., Roy, D., & Josh, P. K. (2018). Impact of crop diversification on rural poverty in Nepal. Canadian Journal of Agricultural Economics, 66(26), 379–413. https://doi.org/10.1111/cjag.12160
Thebulo, C. D., Mulagha-Maganga, A., Jumbe, C., B., Mseu, T., & Chilongo, T. (2022). Bundling fertilizer trees and crops in Malawi’s agro-based systems. Scientific African. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sciaf.2022.e01368.
Weiss, C. R., & Briglauer, W. (2000). Determinants and dynamics of farm diversification. Department of Food Economics and Consumption Studies, University of Kiel 1-20. Working Paper EWP 0002.
Windle, J., & Rolfe, J. (2005). Diversification choices in agriculture: a Choice Modelling case study of sugarcane growers. Australian Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics, 49(1), 63-74.
Winters, P., Cavatassi, R., & Lipper, L. (2006). Sowing the seeds of social relations: The role of social capital in crop diversity.
Wondimagegn, M., Bekabil, F., Jema, H. (2011). Pattern, trend and determinants of crop diversification: Empirical evidence from smallholders in Eastern Ethiopia. J. Econ. Sustainable Devt. 2(8), 78-89. Available: Online at www.iiste.org.
Yami, M., Teklu, T., Adam, B. (2013). Determinants of farmers’ participation decision on local seed multiplication in Amhara region, Ethiopia: a double hurdle approach. Int J Sci Res., 2, 423–30.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2023 Daniel Innocent Gniza, Rodolphe Loa Bi Loa
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
