Black is the Most Disrespected Color in Religion
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.54536/ajmri.v3i5.3037Keywords:
Homosexual, Human Trafficking, LGBTQIA+, Race, Religion, Racism, Sin, Slave TradeAbstract
Discrete identities such as race, religion, gender role, and sexual orientation have been socio-historically utilized to identify and segregate ethnic communities within America because of fallacious notions concerning sin and, consequently, have become weaponized because of current-day culture war issues regarding the role of faith within the public square. Discerning the imbricate societal Carrefour that exists between racism, race, religion, gender expression, and sexual orientation becomes especially portentous when one examines in what furtive ways non-traditional gender identities have now become vilified by some conservative pundits: a civic knife to publicly cut and marginalize and exclude those who do not fit traditional expectations. The study uses a qualitative research methodology to conduct the study. The data was collected from 10 online articles base on thier relevance to the topic. Therefore, the present study seeks to critically interrogate through religious studies weltanschauung the abstruse and intersectional nature of how fraudulent notions of sin, race, gender, and sexual orientation operationally function within religion to oppress both Black heterosexuals and homosexuals.
Downloads
References
Abay, K. (2022). On Being Black, Gay, and Jewish—And Finding Radical Self-Love. Vogue. https://www.vogue.com/article/on-being-black-gay-and-jewish-essay
Abrams, A. C. (2014). Introduction: Sunday Morning Anthropology of a Church. In God and Blackness (pp. 1-24). New York University Press.
America, A. M. I. E. (2021). National Museum of African American History and Culture. https://nmaahc.si.edu/explore/stories/african-muslims-early-america
Austin, A. D. (2012). African Muslims in antebellum America: Transatlantic stories and spiritual struggles. Routledge.
Abay, K., & . (2022). On Being Black, Gay, and Jewish—And Finding Radical Self-Love. Vogue. https://www.vogue.com/article/on-being-black-gay-and-jewish-essay
Abrams, A. C. (2014). Introduction: Sunday Morning Anthropology of a Church. In God and Blackness (pp. 1-24). New York University Press.
America, A. M. i. E., & . (2021). National Museum of African American History and Culture. https://nmaahc.si.edu/explore/stories/african-muslims-early-america
Austin, A. D. (2012). African Muslims in antebellum America: Transatlantic stories and spiritual struggles. Routledge.
Balan, S. (2010). Foucault’s view on power relations. Cogito. Multidisciplinary Res. J., 2, 193.
Baldwin, J. (2023). On Being White. Nd.edu. https://sites.nd.edu/jamesbaldwin/tag/on-being-white/
Black, R. D. (2017). What White Nationalism Gets Right About American History. International New York Times, NA-NA.
BLOCK/JTA, B. H. (2021). My ancestors owned slaves. That’s why I’m a rabbi for racial justice. The Jerusalem Post. https://www.jpost.com/opinion/my-jewish-ancestors-owned-slaves-thats-why-im-a-rabbi-for-racial-justice-688396
Buchanan, L., Bui, Q., & Patel, J. K. (2020). Black Lives Matter may be the largest movement in US history. The New York Times, 3(07).
Center, P. R. (2018). Muslims in America: Immigrants and those born in U.S. see life differently in many ways. https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2018/04/14/muslims-in-america-immigrants-and-those-born-in-u-s-see-life-differently-in-many-ways/#:~:text=Compared%20with%20U.S.%2Dborn%20Muslims,Americans%20are%20friendly%20to%20Muslims.
Collins, S. (2020). Trump Once Flirted with White Nationalism. Now It’s A Centerpiece of his White House. Vox.
Elk, R. (2021). The intersection of racism, discrimination, bias, and homophobia toward African American sexual minority patients with cancer within the health care system. In (Vol. 127, pp. 3500-3504): Wiley Online Library.
Encyclopedia, C. (2023). Newadvent.org. https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/14004b.htm#:~:text=Sin%20is%20nothing%20else%20than,informed%20by%20the%20Divine%20law.
Ferber, A. L., & Samuels, D. R. SWS Factsheet: Oppression without bigots. In.
Gross, M. (2008). To be Christian and homosexual: From shame to identity-based claims. Nova Religio, 11(4), 77-101.
Hanson, K., O’Dwyer, E., & Lyons, E. (2021). The national divide: A social representations approach to US political identity. European Journal of Social Psychology, 51(4-5), 833-846.
Havey, N. F. (2021). I Can’t Be Racist, I’m Gay. Journal Committed to Social Change on Race and Ethnicity (JCSCORE), 7(2), 137-172.
Hochstrasser, J., & . (2020). A mental game - Horizons. the Swiss Research Magazine. https://www.horizons-mag.ch/2020/03/05/a-mental-game/#:~:text=An%20inspiring%20one%20was%20coined,of%20factuality%20that%20the%20moods
Howell, A., & Richter-Montpetit, M. (2019). Racism in Foucauldian security studies: Biopolitics, liberal war, and the whitewashing of colonial and racial violence. International Political Sociology, 13(1), 2-19.
Huddy, L. (2015). Group identity and political cohesion. Emerging trends in the social and behavioral sciences: An interdisciplinary, searchable, and linkable resource, 1-14.
Huggins, Y. (2018). Michelle Obama: Flight vs. Fight. Michelle Obama’s Impact on African American Women and Girls, 31-42.
Jackson, R., Lange, A. C., & Duran, A. (2021). A whitened rainbow. Journal Committed to Social Change on Race and Ethnicity (JCSCORE), 7(2), 174-206.
James, S. (2019). Queer People of Color Led the LGBTQ Charge, But were Denied the Rewards. New York Times, 22.
Jeff Diamant, B. M., Joshua Alvarado. (2022). Black Catholics in America. Pew Research Center. https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2022/03/15/black-catholics-in-america/
Jeffries, M. (2015). Rachel Dolezal a lesson in how racism works. The Boston.
Khoshneviss, H. (2019). The inferior white: Politics and practices of racialization of people from the Middle East in the US. Ethnicities, 19(1), 117-135.
Kiesling, E. (2017). The missing colors of the rainbow: Black queer resistance. European journal of American studies, 11(11-3).
Mansoor, S. (2020). ‘At the Intersection of Two Criminalized Identities’: Black and Non-Black Muslims Confront a Complicated Relationship with Policing and Anti-Blackness. In: Time.
Messinger, L. (2009). Creating LGBTQ-friendly campuses. Academe, 95(5), 39-42.
Mohajan, H. K. (2018). Qualitative research methodology in social sciences and related subjects. Journal of economic development, environment and people, 7(1), 23-48.
Mohamed, J. (2021). The Role of Rape in the Yazidi Genocide. Liberated Arts: a journal for undergraduate research, 8.
Noble, C. E., & Renn, K. A. (2021). Whiteness and the Rainbow. Journal Committed to Social Change on Race and Ethnicity (JCSCORE), 7(2), 104-135.
Ochab, U. (2019). The Transatlantic Slave Trade And The Modern Day Slavery. Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/sites/ewelinaochab/2019/03/23/the-transatlantic-slave-trade-and-the-modern-day-slavery/?sh=326e1ca72e55
Ochr. (2022). “About LGBTI people and human rights: OHCHR and the human rights of LGBTI people,. New York: United Nations. https://www.ohchr.org/en/topic/lgbti-people?gad_source=1&gclid=CjwKCAjww_iwBhApEiwAuG6ccOScE3vC0HXEYBhmiry4YNmKNk5DjyzoDW52m1YGh1yXhS9fJgJb-hoCDCsQAvD_BwE
Pettigrew, E. (2020). Histories of race, slavery, and emancipation in the Middle East. In: Taylor & Francis.
Peumans, W. (2016). The moral breakdown between religion and sexuality in narratives of Muslim gays, bisexuals, and lesbians in Belgium. DiGeSt. Journal of Diversity and Gender Studies, 3(1), 39-56.
Ramadan, (2023). National Museum of African American History and Culture. https://nmaahc.si.edu/explore/stories/ramadan#:~:text=Ramadan%20is%20the%20name%20of,and%20engage%20in%20self%2Dreflection.
Ransby, B. (2018). Making all black lives matter: Reimagining freedom in the twenty-first century (Vol. 6). Univ of California Press.
Schipper, J. (2020). The Blessing of Ham: Genesis 9: 1 in Early African American Biblical Scholarship. Biblical interpretation, 30(4), 399-414.
Shabani, O. P. (2014). Politics of Identity. The Encyclopedia of Political Thought, 2876-2880.
Shaukat, M. (2020). American Muslim Women: Who We Are and What We Demand From Feminist Jurisprudence. Hastings Women’s LJ, 31, 155.
Singh, S., & Durso, L. E. (2017). Widespread discrimination continues to shape LGBT people’s lives in both subtle and significant ways. Center for American Progress, 2.
Thoreson, R. R. (2018). “ All We Want is Equality”: Religious Exemptions and Discrimination Against LGBT People in the United States. Human Rights Watch.
van der Meide, W. (2001). The intersection of sexual orientation and race: considering the experiences of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgendered (‘‘GLBT’’) people of color & two-spirited people. Ottawa: EGALE Canada.
Vermeule, A. (2020). Beyond Originalism: The dominant conservative philosophy for interpreting the Constitution has served its purpose, and scholars ought to develop a more moral framework. Washington: Emerson Collective. https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2020/03/common-good-constitutionalism/609037/
Vermeule, A. (2022). Common good constitutionalism. John Wiley & Sons.
Vidino, L., & Meleagrou-Hitchens, A. (2022). Islamist Homophobia in the West: From Rhetoric to Violence.
Waters, M. W. (2021). Something in the Water: A 21st Century Civil Rights Odyssey. Chalice Press.
Werner, R., & . (2022). Did North Carolina Jews Own Slaves? -. Jewish Heritage North Carolina. https://jewishnc.org/did-north-carolina-jews-own-slaves/
Williams, B. (2020). Meet Abdul-Aliy Muhammad: a Black Queer Muslim HIV+ activist who has been fighting racism within LGBTQ+ spaces for years. AIDS Foundation Chicago. Retrieved 17 from
Yacovone, D. (2023). Teaching white supremacy: America’s democratic ordeal and the forging of our national identity. Vintage.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Rafiqur Rahman
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
