Drinking Water Quality, Usage Practices, and Waterborne Disease Incidence in Barangay Napsan, Puerto Princesa City, Philippines

Abstract

This study investigates the quality of drinking water, water usage practices, and the incidence of waterborne diseases in Barangay Napsan, Puerto Princesa City, Philippines, focusing on three representative sitios: Labtay, Manudoc, and Sto. Niño. Microbiological analysis of water sources, including groundwater and spring water, revealed that all six water sources were non-compliant with the Philippine National Standards for Drinking Water (PNSDW 2017). High concentrations of total coliforms, fecal coliforms, and Escherichia coli (E. coli) were detected, indicating significant microbial contamination. Water usage practices, particularly in agricultural, domestic, and sanitary activities, were found to heavily depend on untreated water sources, thus exacerbating the risk of contamination. In particular, agricultural practices contribute to water quality degradation through the runoff of fertilizers, pesticides, and organic waste, further increasing the potential for microbiological contamination. Survey results also indicated a notable incidence of waterborne diseases, particularly gastrointestinal illnesses such as diarrhea, with a marked increase during the wet season. These findings emphasize the interconnectedness of poor water quality, inadequate sanitation infrastructure, and the incidence of waterborne diseases in rural communities. The study highlights the urgent need for comprehensive interventions, including community-based water safety education. Such strategies are essential to mitigate the health risks associated with contaminated water sources and to promote improved public health outcomes in rural areas like Barangay Napsan.