Rumen Fermentative Properties of Pregnant West African Dwarf Does Fed Diets Containing Algae Biomass
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.54536/ajaset.v5i2.121Keywords:
Algae biomass, polyunsaturated fatty acid, rumen, WAD doesAbstract
The study was conducted to investigate the effect of feeding algae biomass rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids at 0%, 1.5%, 3.0% and 4.5%, respectively, using Panicum maximum as basal feed, on rumen fermentative properties of pregnant West African Dwarf (WAD) does. A total of twenty (20) pregnant WAD does were grouped into four treatments containing five (5) animals per treatment and randomly allotted to the experimental diets. Rumen fluid were collected prior to mating and at the last trimester of pregnancy for determination of rumen fermentative properties. Data obtained were subjected to one way Analysis of Variance in a Completely Randomized Design. Inclusion of algae biomass up to 4.5% had no significant (p>0.05) effect on bacteria population in the rumen of the experimental does. The inclusion levels of algae biomass gave rise to the predominance of Eischeria coli (a gram negative bacterium) in the rumen of pregnant does fed the algae biomass diet. Results obtained showed a significant (p<0.05) decrease in the values obtained for ammonia nitrogen concentration in the rumen of the pregnant does when compared to the values recorded prior to mating. The total volatile fatty acid production and its molar proportion in the rumen fluid were not significantly (p>0.05) influenced by the inclusion of algae biomass.
Downloads
References
Abubakar, M., Adegbola, T.A. and Abubakar, M.M. 2005. Effects of varying levels of groundnut haulms and cowpea shell on performance of weaner red sokoto goats. Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 32: 274-279
Adeleye, O.O. 2012. Enhancing piglet survival and welfare in different farrowing systems. A PhD thesis submitted to the School of agriculture, food and rural development, Newcastle University, United Kingdom. Pp 15.
AOAC. 2000. Official Methods of Analysis, 17th edition. Association of Official Analytical Chemists. Washington, DC. USA.
Bateman, H.G. and Jenkins, T.C. 1998. Influence of soybean oil in high fiber diets fed to non-lactating cows on ruminal unsaturated fatty acids and nutrient digestibility. Journal of Dairy Science 81: 2451-2458.
Becker, E.W. 2007. Review: Micro algae as a source of protein Biotechnology. Advances 25: 207–210.
Blanchart, D. and Sauvant, D. 1974. Repercussion de ia gestation sur l’evolution de la lactation (Consequences of pregnancy on the onset of lactation), In Journee d’ etudes sur l’alimentation de la chevere, Paris. Pp 76-87.
Boeckaert, C., Vlaeminck, B., Dijkstra, J., Issa-Zacharia, A., Van-Nespen, T. and Van-Straalen. 2008. Effect of dietary starch or micro algae supplementation on rumen fermentation and milk fatty acid composition of dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 91: 4714-4727.
Brown, C.A., Harmon, B.G., Zhao, T. and Doyle, M.P. 1997. Experimental Escherichia coli O157:H7 carriage in calves. Applied Environmental Microbiology 63: 27–32.
Carberry, C.A., Kenny, D.A., Han, S. McCabe, M.S. and Waters, S.M. 2012. Effect of phenotypic residual feed intake and dietary forage content on the rumen microbial community of beef cattle. Applied Environmental Microbiology 78: 4949-4958.
Castillo, C. Hernandez, J., Lopez-Alonso, M., Miranda, M. Garcia-Partida, P. and Benedito, J.L. 1997. Relationship between venous pH, serum calcium and proteins in the course of anoestrus, pregnancy and lactation in the ewe. Archive of Tierz, Dummerstorf 40: 257-263.
Christaki, E., Karatzia, M., Bonos, E., Florou-Paneri, P. and Karatzias, C. 2012. Effect of dietary Spirulina platensis on Milk Fatty Acid Profile of Dairy Cows. Asian Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances 7(7): 597.
Da Silva G.G., Ferreira de Jesus E., Takiya C.S., Del Valle T.A., da Silva T.H., Vendramini T.H.A., Yu E.J., Rennó F.P., 2016. Partial replacement of ground corn with algae meal in a dairy cow diet: Milk yield and composition, nutrient digestibility, and metabolic profile. J. Dairy Sci. 99, 8880–8884, https://doi. org/10.3168/jds.2016-11542
Dean-Nystrom, E.A., Bosworth, B.T., O’Brien, A.D. and Moon, H.W. 1999. Bovine infection with Escherichia coli O157:H7. In E. coli O157 in Farm Animals. Edited by Stewart, C.S and Flint, H.J. Wallingford, UK. CAB International.
Detmann, E., Paulino, M.F. Mantovani, H.C., Valadares, S.D.C., Filho and Sampaio, C.B. 2009. Parameterization of ruminal fibre degradation in low-quality tropical forage using Michaelis-Menten kinetics. Livestock Science 126: 136-146.
Fievez V., Boeckaert, C., Vlaeminck B., Mestdagh, J. and Demeyer, D. 2007. In vitro examination of DHA- edible micro-algae: 2. Effect on rumen methane production and apparent degradability of hay. Animal Feed Science and Technology 136: 80–95.
Firkins, J.L., Hristov, A.N., Hall, M.B., Varga, G.A. and St-Pierre, N.R. 2006. Integration of ruminal metabolism in dairy cattle. Journal of Dairy Science 89: E31-E51.
Franzolin, R. and Franzolin, M.H. 2000. População de protozoários ciliados e degradabilidade ruminal em búfalos e bovinos zebuÃnos sob dieta a base de cana-de- açúcar. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia 29:1853-1861.
Gatenby, R.M. 2002. Sheep. Macmillian publishers. 60-63pp
Gerard, F. and Frederique, C.D. 2006. Effects and modes of action of live yeasts in the rumen. Biologia Bratislava 61(6): 741–750.
Gouveia, L., Batista, A.P., Sousa, I., Raymundo, A. and Bandarra, N.M. 2008. Micro algae in novel food products. Nova Science Publishers, Inc.
Guan, H., Wittenberg, K.M. and Ominski, K.H. 2006. Efficacy of ionophores in cattle diets for mitigation of enteric methane. Journal of Animal Science 84: 1896-1906.
Harlin, M.M. and Darley, W.M. 1988. The algae: an overview. In: Lembi, C.A., Waaland, J.R (eds) Algae and human affairs. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. 3–27pp.
Harvatine, K.J. and Allen, M.S. 2006. Effects of fatty acid supplements on ruminal and total tract nutrient digestion in lactating dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 89: 1092-1103.
Huhtanen, P. and Kukkonen, U. 1995. Comparison of methods, markers, sampling sites and models for estimating digesta passage kinetics in cattle fed at 2 levels of intake. Animal Feed Science and Technology 52:141–158.
Jenkins, T.C. 1993. Lipid metabolism in the rumen. Journal of Dairy Science 76: 3851-3863.
Juliana, D.M., Telma, T.B., Pedro, B.A., Ricardo, A.R., Roberta, C.C., Andressa, F.B., Giovani, F. and Juliano, J.R.F. 2013. Rumen fermentation and rumen microbes in Nellore steers receiving diets with different lipid contents. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia 42(3): 204-212.
Khampa, S., Wanapat, M., Wachirapakorn, C., Nontaso, N., Wattiaux, M.A. and Rowlison, P. 2006. Effect of levels of sodium DL-malate supplementation on ruminal fermentation efficiency of concentrates containing high levels of cassava chip in dairy steers. Asian-Australian of Journal of Animal Science 19: 368-375.
KotrbáÄek V., Doubek J., Doucha J., 2015. The chlorococcalean alga Chlorella in animal nutrition: a review. J. Appl. Phycol. 27, 2173–2180, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10811-014-0516-y
Leng, R.A. 1990. Factors affecting the utilization of poor quality forage by ruminants particularly under tropical conditions. Nutritional Research and Reviews 3: 277-303.
Margulis, L. 1981. Symbiosis in cell evolution. Freeman and Co. San Francisco.
Markham, R. 1942. Biochemistry Journal 36:790.
Marshall, H. 2007. Micro algae as a super food source: Phytoplankton for future nutrition. Vegetarian Cuisine, http: //Helen-marshall. Suite101.com/micro algae as a superfood- source a21490.
Mebrahtu, O.M. and Tenaye, S.B. 1997. Analytical method for feeding animal excrements and animal tissue (adapted and compiled). International Livestock Research Institute, Addis Abba. Ethopia, Pp 90.
Moate P.J., Williams S.R.O., Hannah M.C., Eckard R.J., Auldist M.J., Ribaux B.E., Jacobs J.L., Wales W.J., 2013. Effects of feeding algal meal high in docosahexaenoic acid on feed intake, milk production, and methane emissions in dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 96, 3177–3188, https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2012-6168
Muia, J.M.K., Tamminga, S., Mbugua, P.N. and Kariuki, J.N. 2000. The nutritive value of Napier grass (Pennisetum purpureum) and its potential for milk production with or without supplementation. Tropical Science 40: 109-131.
NRC. (National Research Council). 1981. Nutrient requirements of Goats: Angora, dairy and meat goats in temperate and tropical countries. National Academic Press, Washington D.C, USA.
Ocheja, J.O., Daikwo, S.I., Okpe, A.A. and Ikusemoro, S.O. 2008. Performance of weaner Rams fed with varying proportions of a mixture of Bambaranut waste and Rice offal as supplement to natural pasture Proceedings of 4th international conference of the Nigerian Society of Indigenous Knowledge and development 5-8th November 2008, Kogi State University, Anyigba Pp. 76-82.
Osuagwuh, A.I.A. and Aire, T.A. 1990. Intra uterine growth rates of the West African dwarf goats and some fetal organs in relation to strategic feed supplementation during pregnancy. Journal of Veterinary Medicine 37:198-204.
Osuagwuh, A.I.A. and Akpokdje, J.U. 1986. An outbreak of abortion in WAD (Fouta djallon) goats due to malnutrition. Tropical Veterinary 4: 67-70.
Paul, N. and Tseng, C.K. 2012. Seaweed. In: J.S. Lucas and P.C. Southgate, Eds., Aquaculture: Farming Aquatic Animals and Plants, 2nd Edition, Blackwell Publishing ltd., Oxford pp268-284.
Spolaore, P., Joannis-Cassan C., Duran E. and Isambert, A. 2006. Commercial applications of microalgae. Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering 101: 87–96.
SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences). 2010. Procedures and facilities for release. McGraw-Hill Book Co. NY
Sung, H.G., Kobayashi, Y., Chang, J., Ha, A., Hwang, I.H. and Ha, J.K. 2007. Low ruminal pH reduces dietary fiber digestion via reduced microbial attachment. Asian-Australian Journal of Animal Science 20: 200- 207.
Toral, P.G., Benleguer, A. Frutos, P. and Herves, G. 2009. Effect of the supplementation of a high concentrate diet with sunflower and fish oils on ruminal fermentation in sheep. Small Ruminant Resources 81: 119- 125.
Toral, P.G., Hervas, G., Gomez-Cortes, P., Frutos, P., Juarez, M. and De la Fuente, M.A. 2010. Milk fatty acid profile and dairy sheep performance in response to diet supplementation with sunflower oil plus incremental levels of marine algae. Journal of Dairy Science 93: 1655–1667.
Towne, G., Nagaraja, T.G. and Brandt, J.R. 1990. Ruminal ciliated protozoa in cattle fed finishing diets with or without supplemental fat. Journal of Animal Science 68: 2150-2155.
Trevakis, L.M., Fukerson, W.J. and Gooden, J.M. 2001. Provision of certain carbohydrate based supplements to pasture fed sheep as well as time of harvesting of the pasture influences pH, ammonia nitrogen concentration and microbial synthesis in the rumen. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 41: 21-27.
Ueda, K., Ferlay, A. and Chabrot, J. 2003. Effect of linseed oil supplementation on ruminal digestión in dairy cows fed diets with different forage:concentrate rations. Journal of Dairy Science 86: 3999-4007.
Ukanwoko, A.I. 2007. Evaluation of cassava peel leaf-cassava leaf meal based diets for meat and milk production by West Africa Dwarf goats in south eastern Nigeria. PhD thesis, Michael Okpara university of Agriculture, Umudike, Nigeria.
Ukanwoko, A.I. and Ibeawuchi, J.A. 2014. Growth performance and haematological characteristics of West African Dwarf goats. Journal of animal production advances 3(1): 1-5.
Valinote, A.C., Nogieira, Filho, J.C.M. and Leme, P.R. 2006. Fontes de lipÃdeos e monensina na alimentação de novilhos Nelore e sua relação com a população de protozoários ciliados do rúmen. Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira 41: 117-124.
Van Soest, P. J. 1994. Nutritional Ecology of the Ruminant, 2nd edition. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York.
Wei, M.C, Change, C.T. and Jen, J.F. 2001. Determination of organic acids in fermentation products with high performance liquid chromatography. Chromatographia 54: 601-605.
Zhu, H., Fievez, V., Mao, S., He, W. and Zhu, W. 2016. Dose and time response of ruminally infused algae on rumen fermentation characteristics, biohydrogenation and Butyrivibrio group bacteria in goats. Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology 33:22-24.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2021 Odunfa O A
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
