Enhancing Peer Conflict Resolution Skills for Addressing Prejudice Concept in Peacebuilding: An Experimental Study

Authors

  • Bora Phan National University of Cheasim Kamchaymear, Kampong Cham Campus (NUCK-KC), Cambodia
  • Fr. Phan Borei Kampong Cham Prefecture, Bishop board council, parish priest in Mondulkiri, Cambodia
  • Fr. Se Sat Kampong Cham Prefecture, Bishop board council, parish priest in Kg Cham, Cambodia
  • Tam Breng National University of Cheasim Kamchaymear, Kampong Cham Campus (NUCK-KC), Cambodia

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.54536/jtel.v3i3.5814

Keywords:

Conflict Resolution, Intervention, Prejudice

Abstract

In the framework of peacebuilding in Cambodia, this experimental study investigates how to address prejudice by improving peer conflict resolution skills. The goal of the project is to provide Cambodian youth with fundamental conflict resolution skills, such as active listening, empathy, and cooperative problem-solving, in light of the nation’s complicated history of conflict and social division. A structured training program aimed at developing these skills was attended by a diverse group of participants from a range of socioeconomic and ethnic backgrounds. Assessments conducted before and after the intervention tracked changes in participants’ attitudes toward prejudice and their capacity for conflict resolution. The results show a notable improvement in conflict resolution abilities as well as a significant decrease in prejudiced attitudes. In line with a trend toward more inclusive social interactions, participants expressed greater willingness to interact with peers from diverse backgrounds and increased confidence in handling conflicts. The study emphasizes how important empathy is in overcoming cultural differences and how conflict resolution training can be a game-changer for promoting social cohesion in Cambodia. By addressing the underlying causes of prejudice and fostering understanding among diverse groups, these findings support the inclusion of conflict resolution education in Cambodian curricula and community programs, making a lasting contribution to peacebuilding initiatives.

References

Aboud, F. E., & Amato, M. J. B. h. o. s. p. I. p. (2003). Developmental and socialization influences on intergroup bias. 65-85.

Aboud, F. E., Tredoux, C., Tropp, L. R., Brown, C. S., Niens, U., Noor, N. M., & Una Global Evaluation Group. (2012). Interventions to reduce prejudice and enhance inclusion and respect for ethnic differences in early childhood: A systematic review. Developmental review, 32(4), 307-336.

Aboud, F. E. (2008). A social-cognitive developmental theory of prejudice. Handbook of race, racism, and the developing child, 55-71.

Adam, M. (2024). Perception and Interpretation of Team Development Phases and Their Changes: Factors Influencing Team Development. The Eurasia Proceedings of Educational and Social Sciences, 37, 16-24.

Adams, E. M., Waldo, M., Steiner, R., Mayfield, R., Ackerlind, S. J., & Castellanos, L. P. (2003). Creating peace by confronting prejudice: Examining the effects of a multicultural communication skills group intervention. International Journal for the Advancement of Counselling, 25(4), 281-291.

Addis, M. E. (2002). Methods for disseminating research products and increasing evidence-based practice: Promises, obstacles, and future directions. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 9(4), 367.

Adham, T. K. I. (2023). Conflict resolution in team: Analyzing the of conflicts and best skills for resolution. Scholars Journal of Engineering and Technology, 11(08), 152-162.

Akinyetun, T. S., Bakare, K., & Adedini, S. O. (2023). Youth and peacebuilding: Policy implications of conflict resolution in Africa. Journal of Conflict Studies in Africa, 3(1), 68–88.

Al Ramiah, A., & Hewstone, M. (2013). Intergroup contact as a tool for reducing, resolving, and preventing intergroup conflict: Evidence, limitations, and potential. American Psychologist, 68(7), 527–542. https://doi.org/10.1037/a003260

Alonso-Rodríguez, I., Pérez-Jorge, D., Pérez-Pérez, I., & Olmos-Raya, E. (2025, March). Restorative practices in reducing school violence: a systematic review of positive impacts on emotional wellbeing. In Frontiers in Education (Vol. 10, p. 1520137). Frontiers Media SA.

Anderson, J. (2014). Providing a safe learning environment for queer students in Canadian schools: A legal analysis of homophobic bullying. Journal of LGBT Youth, 11(3), 212–243. https://doi.org/10.1080/19361653.2014.910128

Arghode, V., Lathan, A., Alagaraja, M., Rajaram, K., & McLean, G. N. (2022). Empathic organizational culture and leadership: Conceptualizing the framework. European Journal of Training and Development, 46(1/2), 239–256. https://doi.org/10.1108/EJTD-07-2021-0106

Ayub, N., & Jehn, K. (2014). When diversity helps performance: Effects of diversity on conflict and performance in workgroups. International Journal of Conflict Management, 25(2), 189–212. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCMA-03-2012-0023

Bandura, A., & Wessels, S. (1994). Self-efficacy (Vol. 4). Palo Alto, CA: National Educational Association.

Bandura, A. (1978). Reflections on self-efficacy. Advances in Behaviour Research and Therapy, 1(4), 237–269. https://doi.org/10.1016/0146-6402(78)90012-7

Barrett, L. F., & Swim, J. K. (1998). Appraisals of prejudice and discrimination. In J. Eberhardt & S. T. Fiske (Eds.), Prejudice: The target’s perspective (pp. 11–36). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-012097720-7/50003-X

Becker, B. E., & Luthar, S. S. (2002). Social-emotional factors affecting achievement outcomes among disadvantaged students: Closing the achievement gap. Educational Psychologist, 37(4), 197–214. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15326985EP3704_1

Beelmann, A., & Heinemann, K. S. (2014). Preventing prejudice and improving intergroup attitudes: A meta-analysis of child and adolescent training programs. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 35(1), 10–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appdev.2013.11.002

Benner, A. D., & Graham, S. (2013). The antecedents and consequences of racial/ethnic discrimination during adolescence: Does the source of discrimination matter? Developmental Psychology, 49(8), 1602–1613. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0030557

Bercovitch, J., & Diehl, P. F. (1997). Conflict management of enduring rivalries: The frequency, timing, and short-term impact of mediation. International Interactions, 22(4), 299–320. https://doi.org/10.1080/03050629708434952

Bezrukova, K., Spell, C. S., Perry, J. L., & Jehn, K. A. (2016). A meta-analytical integration of over 40 years of research on diversity training evaluation. Psychological Bulletin, 142(11), 1227–1274. https://doi.org/10.1037/bul0000067

Bickmore, K. (2001). Student conflict resolution, power “sharing” in schools, and citizenship education. Curriculum Inquiry, 31(2), 137–162. https://doi.org/10.1111/0362-6784.00191

Block-Lerner, J., Adair, C., Plumb, J. C., Rhatigan, D. L., & Orsillo, S. M. (2007). The case for mindfulness-based approaches in the cultivation of empathy: Does nonjudgmental, present-moment awareness increase capacity for perspective-taking and empathic concern? Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 33(4), 501–516. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-0606.2007.00034.x

Bonebright, D. A. (2010). 40 years of storming: A historical review of Tuckman’s model of small group development. Human Resource Development International, 13(1), 111–120. https://doi.org/10.1080/13678861003589099

Bora, P. (2025). Students’ learning motivation in mathematics learning: Its effects on students’ learning approaches on surface approach of learning and deep approach of learning. International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation in Science, 9(4), 2890–2901.

Boroş, S., Meslec, N., Curşeu, P. L., & Emons, W. (2010). Struggles for cooperation: Conflict resolution strategies in multicultural groups. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 25(5), 539–554. https://doi.org/10.1108/02683941011048330

Briand, L., El Emam, K., & Morasca, S. (1995). Theoretical and empirical validation of software product measures. ISERN Technical Report ISERN-95-03, 31–46.

Brookfield, S. (2009). The concept of critical reflection: Promises and contradictions. European Journal of Social Work, 12(3), 293–304. https://doi.org/10.1080/13691450902945280

Brooks, M. C., & Ezzani, M. D. (2022). Islamic school leadership: Advancing a framework for critical spirituality. International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education, 35(3), 319–336. https://doi.org/10.1080/09518398.2021.1966156

Bucher, K. T., & Manning, M. L. (2003). Challenges and suggestions for safe schools. The Clearing House: A Journal of Educational Strategies, Issues and Ideas, 76(3), 160–164. https://doi.org/10.1080/00098650309602091

Burgess, H., & Burgess, G. (2015). Applying the strategies of international peacebuilding to family conflicts: What those involved in family disputes can learn from the efforts of peacebuilders working to transform war-torn societies. Family Court Review, 53(3), 449–455. https://doi.org/10.1111/fcre.12170

Canaan Messarra, L., Karkoulian, S., & El-Kassar, A.-N. (2016). Conflict resolution styles and personality: The moderating effect of Generation X and Y in a non-Western context. International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management, 65(6), 792–810. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJPPM-01-2016-0012

Caouette, M. J., & O’Connor, B. N. (1998). The impact of group support systems on corporate teams’ stages of development. Journal of Organizational Computing and Electronic Commerce, 8(1), 57–81. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327744joce0801_4

Carver, C. S., Scheier, M. F., & Segerstrom, S. C. (2010). Optimism. Clinical Psychology Review, 30(7), 879–889. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2010.01.006

Catterall, J. S. (2007). Enhancing peer conflict resolution skills through drama: An experimental study. Research in Drama Education, 12(2), 163–178. https://doi.org/10.1080/13569780701321013

Ciampa, C., Farr, J., & Kaplan, K. (2000). Improving social competencies through the use of cooperative learning and conflict resolution. (Unpublished manuscript or report – please confirm and clarify source if published.)

Cochran, W. J. (1943). The comparison of different scales of measurement for experimental results. The Annals of Mathematical Statistics, 14(3), 205–216. https://doi.org/10.1214/aoms/1177731360

Colby, B. G. (1998). Negotiated transactions as conflict resolution mechanisms: Water bargaining in the US West. In K. W. Easter, M. W. Rosegrant, & A. Dinar (Eds.), Markets for water: Potential and performance (pp. 77–94). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-3356-5_5

Cole, D., & Griffin, K. A. (2013). Advancing the study of student-faculty interaction: A focus on diverse students and faculty. In M. B. Paulsen (Ed.), Higher education: Handbook of theory and research (Vol. 28, pp. 561–611). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-5836-0_12

Costa, E. J. (2024). Examining the effectiveness of interventions to reduce discriminatory behavior at work: An attitude dimension consistency perspective. Journal of Applied Psychology.

Craig, L., & Kuykendall, L. (2020). Fostering an inclusive classroom environment with evidence-based approaches. Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 13(4), 482–486. https://doi.org/10.1017/iop.2020.71

Dalati, S. (2018). Measurement and measurement scales. In S. Dalati & N. A. Gómez (Eds.), Modernizing the academic teaching and research environment: Methodologies and cases in business research (pp. 79–96). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-74173-4_7

Dalgard, O. S., Bjørk, S., & Tambs, K. (1995). Social support, negative life events and mental health. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 166(1), 29–34. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.166.1.29

Davis, C. G., Thake, J., & Vilhena, N. (2010). Social desirability biases in self-reported alcohol consumption and harms. Addictive Behaviors, 35(4), 302–311. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2009.11.001

De Wied, M., Branje, S. J. T., & Meeus, W. H. J. (2007). Empathy and conflict resolution in friendship relations among adolescents. Aggressive Behavior: Official Journal of the International Society for Research on Aggression, 33(1), 48–55. https://doi.org/10.1002/ab.20166

Dessel, A. (2010). Prejudice in schools: Promotion of an inclusive culture and climate. Education and Urban Society, 42(4), 407–429. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013124510361262

Dixon, J., Levine, M., Reicher, S., & Durrheim, K. (2012). Beyond prejudice: Are negative evaluations the problem and is getting us to like one another more the solution? Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 35(6), 411–425. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X11002214

Dixon, J., Tropp, L. R., Durrheim, K., & Tredoux, C. (2010). “Let them eat harmony”: Prejudice-reduction strategies and attitudes of historically disadvantaged groups. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 19(2), 76–80. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721410363366

Done, A., Voss, C., & Rytter, N. G. (2011). Best practice interventions: Short-term impact and long-term outcomes. Journal of Operations Management, 29(5), 500–513. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jom.2010.10.003

Donohoe, H. M., & Needham, R. D. (2009). Moving best practice forward: Delphi characteristics, advantages, potential problems, and solutions. International Journal of Tourism Research, 11(5), 415–437. https://doi.org/10.1002/jtr.709

Dovidio, J. F., & Gaertner, S. L. (1999). Reducing prejudice: Combating intergroup biases. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 8(4), 101–105. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8721.00024

Dovidio, J. F., Hewstone, M., Glick, P., & Esses, V. M. (2010). Prejudice, stereotyping and discrimination: Theoretical and empirical overview. In J. F. Dovidio, M. Hewstone, P. Glick, & V. M. Esses (Eds.), The SAGE handbook of prejudice, stereotyping and discrimination (pp. 3–28). SAGE Publications. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781446200919.n1

Durrance-Bagale, A., Marzouk, M., Tung, L. S., Agarwal, S., Aribou, Z. M., Ibrahim, N. B. M., … Ung, M. (2022). Community engagement in health systems interventions and research in conflict-affected countries: A scoping review of approaches. Global Health Action, 15(1), 2074131. https://doi.org/10.1080/16549716.2022.2074131

Dwyer, C. A., Millett, C. M., & Payne, D. G. (2006). A culture of evidence: Postsecondary assessment and learning outcomes. Recommendations to policymakers and the higher education community. Educational Testing Service. https://www.ets.org/research/report/culture-of-evidence

Eagly, A. H. (2004). Prejudice: Toward a more inclusive understanding. (Note: Publisher and format not specified — please confirm if this is a journal article, book, or book chapter.)

Eisenberg, N., Eggum, N. D., & Di Giunta, L. (2010). Empathy-related responding: Associations with prosocial behavior, aggression, and intergroup relations. Social Issues and Policy Review, 4(1), 143–180. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-2409.2010.01020.x

Elliott, M., Kaufman, S., Gardner, R., & Burgess, G. (2002). Teaching conflict assessment and frame analysis through interactive web-based simulations. International Journal of Conflict Management, 13(4), 320–340. https://doi.org/10.1108/eb022882

Fehér, I. M. (2015). Prejudice and pre-understanding. Acta Comeniana, 2015(30), 280–288.

Fiske, S. T. (2017). Prejudices in cultural contexts: Shared stereotypes (gender, age) versus variable stereotypes (race, ethnicity, religion). Perspectives on Psychological Science, 12(5), 791–799. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691617702712

Flavell, J. H. (1979). Metacognition and cognitive monitoring: A new area of cognitive–developmental inquiry. American Psychologist, 34(10), 906–911. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.34.10.906

Flavell, J. H. (1979). Theories of learning in educational psychology. American Psychologist, 34, 906–911.

Fonseca, X., Lukosch, S., & Brazier, F. (2019). Social cohesion revisited: A new definition and how to characterize it. Innovation: The European Journal of Social Science Research, 32(2), 231–253. https://doi.org/10.1080/13511610.2018.1497480

Friedman, E., & Shorey, C. (2019). Inflammation in multimorbidity and disability: An integrative review. Health Psychology, 38(9), 791–801. https://doi.org/10.1037/hea0000776

Fulton, L., Lieneck, C., Ramamonjiarivelo, Z., Kruse, C. S., & Brooks, M. S. (2021). Competency assessment of an undergraduate program using a third-party, objective pre-post examination. BMC Medical Education, 21(1), 21. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-020-02461-6

Garcia, T., & Pintrich, P. R. (1996). Assessing students’ motivation and learning strategies in the classroom context: The Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire. In M. Birenbaum & F. J. R. C. Dochy (Eds.), Alternatives in assessment of achievements, learning processes and prior knowledge (pp. 319–339). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-0657-3_13

Geldhof, G. J., Warner, D. A., Finders, J. K., Thogmartin, A. A., Clark, A., & Longway, K. A. (2018). Revisiting the utility of retrospective pre-post designs: The need for mixed-method pilot data. Evaluation and Program Planning, 70, 83–89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.evalprogplan.2018.05.004

Graves, K. N., Frabutt, J. M., & Vigliano, D. J. (2007). Teaching conflict resolution skills to middle and high school students through interactive drama and role play. Journal of School Violence, 6(4), 57–79. https://doi.org/10.1300/J202v06n04_04

Greenhalgh, J. (2009). The applications of PROs in clinical practice: What are they, do they work, and why? Quality of Life Research, 18(1), 115–123. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11136-008-9430-6

Hargrove, S. (2010). Interest-based bargaining: Achieving improved relationships through collaboration. Library Management, 31(4/5), 229–240. https://doi.org/10.1108/01435121011046343

Harmon-Jones, E., & Mills, J. (2019). An introduction to cognitive dissonance theory and an overview of current perspectives on the theory. In E. Harmon-Jones (Ed.), Cognitive dissonance: Reexamining a pivotal theory in psychology (2nd ed., pp. 3–24). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/0000135-001

Haro, G. O., Doyo, G. J., & McPeak, J. G. (2005). Linkages between community, environmental, and conflict management: Experiences from Northern Kenya. World Development, 33(2), 285–299. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2004.10.005

Head, B. W. (2007). Community engagement: Participation on whose terms? Australian Journal of Political Science, 42(3), 441–454. https://doi.org/10.1080/10361140701513570

Hogg, M. A. (2015). Constructive leadership across groups: How leaders can combat prejudice and conflict between subgroups. In S. R. Thye & E. J. Lawler (Eds.), Advances in group processes (Vol. 32, pp. 177–207). Emerald Group Publishing Limited. https://doi.org/10.1108/S0882-614520150000032006

Holtug, N. (2017). Identity, causality and social cohesion. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 43(7), 1084–1100. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2016.1248610

Horn, S. S., & Schriber, S. E. (2020). Bullied and punished: Exploring the links between bullying and discipline for sexual and gender minority youth. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 30(3), 735–752. https://doi.org/10.1111/jora.12563

Hurtado, S., Alvarez, C. L., Guillermo-Wann, C., Cuellar, M., & Arellano, L. (2012). A model for diverse learning environments: The scholarship on creating and assessing conditions for student success. In M. B. Paulsen (Ed.), Higher education: Handbook of theory and research (Vol. 27, pp. 41–122). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-2950-6_2

Hurtado, S. (2005). The next generation of diversity and intergroup relations research. Journal of Social Issues, 61(3), 595–610. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.2005.00422.x

Ijadi-Maghsoodi, R., Marlotte, L., Garcia, E., Aralis, H., Lester, P., Escudero, P., & Kataoka, S. (2017). Adapting and implementing a school-based resilience-building curriculum among low-income racial and ethnic minority students. Clinical Social Work Journal, 45(3), 223–239. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10615-016-0594-5

Jameson, J. K. (2001). Employee perceptions of the availability and use of interest based, right based, and power based conflict management strategies. Conflict Resolution Quarterly, 19(2), 163 196. https://doi.org/10.1002/crq.3890190204

Johnson, D. W., & Johnson, R. T. (2006). Peace education for consensual peace: The essential role of conflict resolution. Journal of Peace Education, 3(2), 147 174. https://doi.org/10.1080/17400200600874792

Johnson, D. W., & Johnson, R. T. (1996). Conflict resolution and peer mediation programs in elementary and secondary schools: A review of the research. Review of Educational Research, 66(4), 459 506.

Jones, P. E., & Roelofsma, P. H. (2000). The potential for social contextual and group biases in team decision-making: Biases, conditions and psychological mechanisms. Ergonomics, 43(8), 1129-1152.

Jones, T. S. (2004). Conflict resolution education: The field, the findings, and the future. Conflict Resolution Quarterly, 22(12), 233

Jones, T. S. (2006). Combining conflict resolution education and human rights education: Thoughts for school based peace education. Journal of Peace Education, 3(2), 187 208.

Jordan, J. E., Haynes, K., Livingston, J. A., & Osborne, R. H. (2009). Comparison of the pre–post and transition question assessments in a health education setting. Journal of Community & Extension, 62(6), 642 649.

Juvonen, J., Lessard, L. M., Rastogi, R., Schacter, H. L., & Smith, D. S. (2019). Promoting social inclusion in educational settings: Challenges and opportunities. Educational Psychology Review, 54(4), 250 270.

Kansiime, N. K. (2018). Enhancing capacities for local peacebuilding in Bunyoro sub region, Western Uganda.

Kavanaugh, A., Kim, B. J., Perez Quinones, M. A., Schmitz, J., & Isenhour, P. (2008). Net gains in political participation: Secondary effects of Internet on community. Information, Communication & Society, 11(7), 933 963.

Kawachi, I., & Berkman, L. F. (2001). Social ties and mental health. Journal of Urban Health, 78(3), 458 467.

Ketokivi, M. (2019). Avoiding bias and fallacy in survey research: A behavioral multilevel approach. Journal of Operations Management, 65(4), 380 402.

Kimberlin, C. L., & Winterstein, A. G. (2008). Validity and reliability of measurement instruments used in research. American Journal of Health System Pharmacy, 65(23), 2276 2284.

Lauer, P. A., Christopher, D. E., Firpo Triplett, R., & Buchting, F. (2014). The impact of short term professional development on participant outcomes: A review of the literature. Professional Development in Education, 40(2), 207–227. https://doi.org/10.1080/19415257.2013.776619 Taylor & Francis Online+2SCIRP+2

Leib, J. (2016). Shaping peace: An investigation of the mechanisms underlying post conflict peacebuilding. Peace, Conflict, & Development, 22, 25–76.

Liaw, S. S., Huang, H. M., & Chen, G. D. (2007). Surveying instructor and learner attitudes toward e learning. Computers & Education, 49(4), 1066–1080.

Ludbrook, J. (2002). Statistical techniques for comparing measurers and methods of measurement: A critical review. Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology & Physiology, 29(7), 527–536.

MacKenzie, S. B., & Podsakoff, P. M. (2012). Common method bias in marketing: Causes, mechanisms, and procedural remedies. Journal of Retailing, 88(4), 542–555.

Mackie, D. M., & Smith, E. R. (1998). Intergroup relations: Insights from a theoretically integrative approach. Psychological Review, 105(3), 499–529.

Madeni, F., Horiuchi, S., & Iida, M. (2011). Evaluation of a reproductive health awareness program for adolescence in urban Tanzania: A quasi experimental pretest–posttest research. Reproductive Health, 8(1), 21.

Major, B., Mendes, W. B., & Dovidio, J. F. (2013). Intergroup relations and health disparities: A social psychological perspective. Health Psychology, 32(5), 514–524.

Mallick, L., & Thakurta, A. G. (2024). Exploring conflict resolution skills and the imperative for educational programs in fostering peaceful coexistence of mankind. International Journal of Advanced Academic Studies, 6(2), 20–25. https://doi.org/10.33545/27068919.2024.v6.i2a.1111 allstudyjournal.com+1

Manfredo, M. J., & Shelby, B. (1988). The effect of using self report measures in tests of attitude–behavior relationships. The Journal of Social Psychology, 128(6), 731–743.

Mensah, R. (2021). Conflicts and conflict management strategies of junior high school heads in the Effutu Municipality, Central Region.

Michell, J. (1986). Measurement scales and statistics: A clash of paradigms. Psychological Bulletin, 100(3), 398–401.

Miglietta, A., Gattino, S., & Esses, V. M. (2014). What causes prejudice? How may we solve it? Lay beliefs and their relations with classical and modern prejudice and social dominance orientation. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 40, 11–21.

Millana, L., Fernández Rodríguez, J. C., & Muñoz, F. M. (2020). Conflict resolution in prisons: Education, restorative justice, and prisoner facilitated mediation. In A shift in the security paradigm: Global challenges: Is Europe ready to meet them? (pp. 235–249). Springer.

Miller, C. W., Roloff, M. E., & Malis, R. S. (2007). Understanding interpersonal conflicts that are difficult to resolve: A review of literature and presentation of an integrated model. Annals of the International Communication Association, 31(1), 118–171.

Miller, R. L., & Shinn, M. (2005). Learning from communities: Overcoming difficulties in dissemination of prevention and promotion efforts. American Journal of Community Psychology, 35(3), 169–183.

Mpofu, Z. F., Mkhize, S. M., & Akpan, J. U. (2024). Empathy, remorse, and restoration of dignity contributing to reduced recidivism: Assessing the role of restorative justice in promoting offender rehabilitation and reintegration in Durban. Case Studies in Social Sciences, 10(1), 2429018.

Nagda, B. A. (2006). Breaking barriers, crossing borders, building bridges: Communication processes in intergroup dialogues. Journal of Social Issues, 62(3), 553–576. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540 4560.2006.00473

Nathan, L., DeRouen, K. Jr., & Lounsbery, M. O. (2018). Civil war conflict resolution from the perspectives of the practitioner and the academic. Peace & Change, 43(3), 344–370. https://doi.org/10.1111/pech.12301

Nesterova, Y., Kim, E. J. A., & Amaglo-Mensah, T. D. (2022). The purposes of education in peacebuilding: Views of local peace actors in diverse (post-) conflict societies. Global Change, Peace & Security, 34(2-3), 103-124.

Nguyen, H. C. (2019). An investigation of professional development among educational policy makers, institutional leaders and teachers. Matters in Education, 33(1), 32–36.

Nishina, A., Lewis, J. A., Bellmore, A., & Witkow, M. R. (2019). Ethnic diversity and inclusive school environments. Educational Psychology Review, 54(4), 306–321.

Nunkoo, D. K., & Sungkur, R. K. (2021). Team conflict dynamics & conflict management: Derivation of a model for software organisations to enhance team performance and software quality. Global Technology & Performance, 2(2), 545–552.

Ockene, J. K., & Zapka, J. G. (2000). Provider education to promote implementation of clinical practice guidelines. Chest, 118(2), 33S-39S.

Paffenholz, T., & Spurk, C. (2006). Civil society, civic engagement, and peacebuilding. Social Development Papers: Conflict Prevention and Reconstruction, 36(2006), 10-55.

Paluck, E. L. (2009). Reducing intergroup prejudice and conflict using the media: A field experiment in Rwanda. Journal of Personality, psychology, & social psychology, 96(3), 574

Paunonen, S. V., & O’Neill, T. A. (2010). Self reports, peer ratings and construct validity. European Journal of Psychological Practice for the Education and Economics of Practice, 24(3), 189–206.

Petitprez, F., Fossati, N., Vano, Y., Freschi, M., Becht, E., Luciano, R., … Rancoita, P. M. (2019). PD L1 expression and CD8+ T cell infiltrate are associated with clinical progression in patients with node positive prostate cancer. European Urology Focus, 5(2), 192–196.

Phan, B., Harth, B., & Sor, R. J. (2025). Exploring the impact of teaching self efficacy on instructional behaviors and student motivation in high school mathematics: A structural equation modeling approach. Journal of Education, Learning, & Management, 2(1), 196–211.

Phan, B., & Harth, B. (2025). The relationship between instructional behaviors, learning motivation, and learning approach: Enhancing the quality of mathematics education teaching and learning in high school. Advances in Psychology Research, 28(4), 46–61.

Pohlmann, J. T., & Beggs, D. L. (1974). A study of the validity of self reported measures of academic growth. Journal of Educational Measurement, 11(2), 115–119.

Prutzman, P., & Johnson, J. T. (1997). Bias awareness and multiple perspectives: Essential aspects of conflict resolution. Teaching in Peace, 36(1), 26–31.

Rasheed, R. A., & Munoz, A. J. (2016). Higher education and peacebuilding: A bridge between communities? Journal of Peace Education, 13(2), 172–185.

Nagda, B. A. (2006). Breaking barriers, crossing borders, building bridges: Communication processes in intergroup dialogues. Journal of Social Issues, 62(3), 553–576. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540 4560.2006.00473

Nathan, L., DeRouen, K. Jr., & Lounsbery, M. O. (2018). Civil war conflict resolution from the perspectives of the practitioner and the academic. Peace & Change, 43(3), 344–370. https://doi.org/10.1111/pech.12301

Nesterova, Y., Kim, E. J. A., & Amaglo-Mensah, T. D. (2022). The purposes of education in peacebuilding: Views of local peace actors in diverse (post-) conflict societies. Global Change, Peace & Security, 34(2-3), 103-124.

Nguyen, H. C. (2019). An investigation of professional development among educational policy makers, institutional leaders and teachers. Matters in Education, 33(1), 32–36.

Nishina, A., Lewis, J. A., Bellmore, A., & Witkow, M. R. (2019). Ethnic diversity and inclusive school environments. Educational Psychology Review, 54(4), 306–321.

Nunkoo, D. K., & Sungkur, R. K. (2021). Team conflict dynamics & conflict management: Derivation of a model for software organisations to enhance team performance and software quality. Global Technology & Performance, 2(2), 545–552.

Ockene, J. K., & Zapka, J. G. (2000). Provider education to promote implementation of clinical practice guidelines. Chest, 118(2), 33S-39S.

Paffenholz, T., & Spurk, C. (2006). Civil society, civic engagement, and peacebuilding. Social Development Papers: Conflict Prevention and Reconstruction, 36(2006), 10-55.

Paluck, E. L. (2009). Reducing intergroup prejudice and conflict using the media: A field experiment in Rwanda. Journal of Personality, psychology, & social psychology, 96(3), 574–

Paunonen, S. V., & O’Neill, T. A. (2010). Self reports, peer ratings and construct validity. European Journal of Psychological Practice for the Education and Economics of Practice, 24(3), 189–206.

Petitprez, F., Fossati, N., Vano, Y., Freschi, M., Becht, E., Luciano, R., … Rancoita, P. M. (2019). PD L1 expression and CD8+ T cell infiltrate are associated with clinical progression in patients with node positive prostate cancer. European Urology Focus, 5(2), 192–196.

Phan, B., Harth, B., & Sor, R. J. (2025). Exploring the impact of teaching self efficacy on instructional behaviors and student motivation in high school mathematics: A structural equation modeling approach. Journal of Education, Learning, & Management, 2(1), 196–211.

Phan, B., & Harth, B. (2025). The relationship between instructional behaviors, learning motivation, and learning approach: Enhancing the quality of mathematics education teaching and learning in high school. Advances in Psychology Research, 28(4), 46–61.

Pohlmann, J. T., & Beggs, D. L. (1974). A study of the validity of self reported measures of academic growth. Journal of Educational Measurement, 11(2), 115–119.

Prutzman, P., & Johnson, J. T. (1997). Bias awareness and multiple perspectives: Essential aspects of conflict resolution. Teaching in Peace, 36(1), 26–31.

Rasheed, R. A., & Munoz, A. J. (2016). Higher education and peacebuilding: A bridge between communities? Journal of Peace Education, 13(2), 172–185.

Taylor, L. K., & Bähr, C. (2023). A multi level, time series network analysis of the impact of youth peacebuilding on quality peace. Journal of Aggression, Conflict and Peace Research, 15(2), 109–123. https://doi.org/10.1108/JACPR 02 2022 0685 Emerald+1

Todd, A. R., Bodenhausen, G. V., & Galinsky, A. D. (2012). Perspective taking combats the denial of intergroup discrimination. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 48(3), 738–745.

Trimble, J. E. (1988). Stereotypical images, American Indians, and prejudice. In Eliminating racism: Profiles in controversy (pp. 181–202). Springer.

Tuan, H. L., Chin, C. C., & Shieh, S. H. (2005). The development of a questionnaire to measure students’ motivation toward science learning. International Journal of Science Education, 27(6), 639–654.

Turk, F. (2018). Evaluation of the effects of conflict resolution, peace education and peer mediation: A meta analysis study. International Education Studies, 11(1), 25–43.

Turnuklu, A., Kacmaz, T., Turk, F., Kalender, A., Sevkin, B., & Zengin, F. (2009). Helping students resolve their conflicts through conflict resolution and peer mediation training. Education and Science, 34(153). https://doi.org/10.15390/ES.2009.819 educationandscience.ted.org.tr+1

Van Stokkom, B. J. (2002). Moral emotions in restorative justice conferences: Managing shame, designing empathy. Theoretical Criminology, 6(3), 339–360.

Vodosek, M. (2007). Intragroup conflict as a mediator between cultural diversity and work group outcomes. International Journal of Conflict Management, 18(4), 345–375.

Vukovic, S. (2014). International mediation as a distinct form of conflict management. International Journal of Conflict Management, 25(1), 61–80.

Webster, C. D., Nicholls, T. L., Martin, M. L., Desmarais, S. L., & Brink, J. (2006). Short Term Assessment of Risk and Treatability (START): The case for a new structured professional judgment scheme. Behavioral Sciences & the Law, 24(6), 747–766.

Wieringa, R. J. (2014). Empirical research methods for technology validation: Scaling up to practice. Journal of Systems & Software, 95, 19–31.

Wolfe, C. T., & Spencer, S. J. (1996). Stereotypes and prejudice: Their overt and subtle influence in the classroom. American Behavioral Scientist, 40(2), 176–185.

Zabala, D., Minnici, A., McMurrer, J., & Briggs, L. (2008). State high school exit exams: A move toward end of course exams. Journal of Curriculum and Pedagogy.

Zumbo, B. D., & Zimmerman, D. W. (1993). Is the selection of statistical methods governed by level of measurement? Canadian Psychology, 34(4), 390

Downloads

Published

2025-09-29

How to Cite

Phan, B., Borei, F. P., Sat, F. S., & Breng, T. (2025). Enhancing Peer Conflict Resolution Skills for Addressing Prejudice Concept in Peacebuilding: An Experimental Study. Journal of Tertiary Education and Learning, 3(3), 77–91. https://doi.org/10.54536/jtel.v3i3.5814