A Parsimonious Model of Nursing Students’ Clinical Learning Environment and Self-Directed Learning: Basis for a Self-Directed Learning Development Program

Authors

  • Maria Majorie M. Castillo St. Paul University Manila, Philippines

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.54536/ajpehs.v3i1.4807

Keywords:

Clinical Education Environment, Educational Interventions, Nursing Students, Program Development, Self-Directed Learning Readiness, Structural Equation Modeling

Abstract

The importance of self-directed learning (SDL) in nursing education has grown as students are ready for independent clinical practice and ongoing professional growth. Understanding the variables that impact SDL preparedness is essential for formulating efficient educational approaches. The present research used a descriptive-correlational methodology to investigate the association between the clinical education environment and nursing students’ preparedness for self-directed learning. The Dundee Ready Education Environment Measure (DREEM) and the Self-Directed Learning Readiness Scale (SDLRS) were used to examine data obtained from 300 nursing students. Stratified random selection guaranteed the inclusion of second to fourth-year students. The data was studied using descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, and structural equation modeling (SEM). The findings indicated that most participants were female (82.70%), and their perception of the clinical education setting was generally good, with notably high ratings regarding learning and teaching effectiveness. The students exhibited exceptional preparedness for self-directed learning, displaying outstanding self-management, a strong desire for learning, and self-control. The results of the correlation study indicated strong negative associations between the year level and the clinical education environment and self-directed learning preparation. Conversely, academic performance (GWA) exhibited favorable connections with both variables. SEM analysis revealed that the clinical education setting substantially impacted the preparedness for SDL. Enhanced fit indices of the modified model indicate that a desirable clinical education setting benefits SDL preparedness.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Algotar, G. N., Chauhan, V. N., Mehta, S. J., Algotar, G., Chauhan, V., & Mehta, S. (2024). Evaluating the Perception of Undergraduate Medical Students About the Educational Environment by Using the Dundee Ready Educational Environment Measure (DREEM) Questionnaire. Cureus, 16(3).

Abd-El-Fattah, S. M. (2010). Garrison’s model of self-directed learning: preliminary validation and relationship to academic achievement. The Spanish journal of psychology, 13(2), 586-596.

Association of learning environment and self-directed learning ability among nursing undergraduates: A cross-sectional study using canonical correlation analysis. BMJ Open, 12(8), e058224.

Barrows, H. S. (1986). A taxonomy of problem-based learning methods. Medical Education, 20(6), 481-486.

Bates, A. W. (Tony). (2015). A.2 What is a learning environment? https://opentextbc.ca/teachinginadigitalage/chapter/5-2-what-is-a-learning-environ ment/

Beran, T. N., & Violato, C. (2010). Structural equation modeling in medical research: A primer. BMC Research Notes, 3(1), 267. https://doi.org/10.1186/1756-0500-3-267

Biggs, J. (2003). Teaching for quality learning at university: What the student does. Buckingham: Open University Press.

Braman, O. R. (1998). The Cultural Dimension of Individualism and Collectivism as a Factor in Adult Self-directed Learning Readiness. University of Southern Mississippi.

Brookfield, S. D. (2009). Self-Directed Learning. In R. Maclean & D. Wilson (Eds.), International Handbook of Education for the Changing World of Work: Bridging Academic and Vocational Learning (pp. 2615–2627). Springer Netherlands. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-5281-1_172

Brydges, R., Carnahan, H., Safir, O., & Dubrowski, A. (2012). How effective is self‐directed learning in enhancing competency? Advances in Health Sciences Education, 17(5), 445-470.

Bujang, M. A., & Baharum, N. (2017). A simplified guide to determination of sample size requirements for estimating the value of intraclass correlation coefficient: A review. Consecutive sampling. (2023). https://websites.umich.edu/~seonaeyo/smpl.htm/sld011.htm

Byrne, B.M. (2010). Structural equation modeling with AMOS: Basic concepts, applications, and programming (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Routledge.

Cazan, A. M., & Schiopca, B. A. (2014). Self-directed learning, personality traits and academic achievement. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 127, 640-644.

Chacko, S. B., & Huba, M. E. (1991). Self-directed learning readiness of first-year dental students at Virginia Commonwealth University. Journal of Dental Education, 55(4), 231-233.

Daniel, W.W. & Cross, C.L. (2013). Biostatistics: A foundation for analysis in the health sciences (10th ed.). Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2000). The “what” and “why” of goal pursuits: Human needs and the self-determination of behavior. Psychological Inquiry, 11(4), 227-268.

Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2012). Self-determination theory. Handbook of theories of social psychology, 1(20), 416-436.

Denise F. Polit PhD, D. F. P. P., & Cheryl Tatano Beck DNSc CNM, C. T. B. Dns. C. (2017). Essentials of Nursing Research: Appraising Evidence for Nursing Practice (9th edition). LWW.

Deyo, Z., Huynh, D., Rochester, C., Sturpe, D., & Kiser, K. (2011). Readiness for self-directed learning and academic performance in an abilities laboratory course. American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education, 75(2), 25. https://doi.org/10.5688/ajpe75225

Dörnyei, Z., & Muir, C. (2019). Creating a motivating classroom environment. Second handbook of English language teaching, 719-736.

Duckworth, A. L., Peterson, C., Matthews, M. D., & Kelly, D. R. (2007). Grit: Perseverance and passion for long-term goals. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 92(6), 1087-1101.

Duersch, J. A., & Catanach, T. A. (2021). Parsimonious inference. arXiv preprint arXiv:2103.02165.

Dunlap, J. C. (2005). Changes in students’ use of lifelong learning skills during a problem-based learning project. Performance Improvement Quarterly, 18(1), 5-33.

El-Amin, A. (2020). Andragogy: A theory in practice in higher education. Journal of Research in Higher Education, 4(2).

Evaluation of Self-Directed Learning in Nursing Students: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Education Research International, 2021, e2112108. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/2112108

Fey, M. K., Scrandis, D. A., Daniels, A., & Haut, C. (2014). Learning through debriefing: Students’ perspectives. Clinical Simulation in Nursing, 10(5), e249-e256.

Fisher, M., King, J., & Tague, G. (2001). Development of a self-directed learning readiness scale for nursing education. Nurse Education Today, 21(7), 516–525. https://doi.org/10.1054/nedt.2001.0589

Fraser, B. J., & Fisher, D. L. (1983). Student achievement as a function of person–environment fit: A regression surface analysis. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 53(1), 89-99.

Fung, F. M., Poon, C. K., & Wong, C. Y. (2014). Stress and anxiety among medical students in a problem-based learning programme: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Medical Education, 48(9), 860-867.

Garrison, D. R. (1997). Self-directed learning: Toward a comprehensive model. Adult Education Quarterly, 48(1), 18-33.

Ginns, P., Prosser, M., & Barrie, S. (2007). Students’ perceptions of teaching quality in higher education: The perspective of currently enrolled students. Studies in Educational Evaluation, 33(1), 69-76.

González-Gómez, D., Jeong, J. S., & Cañada-Cañada, F. (2022). Enhancing science self-efficacy and attitudes of Pre-Service Teachers (PST) through a flipped classroom learning environment. Interactive Learning Environments, 30(5), 896-907.

Gordon, B. G. (2020). Vulnerability in Research: Basic Ethical Concepts and General Approach to Review. The Ochsner Journal, 20(1), 34–38. https://doi.org/10.31486/toj.19.0079

Grande, R. A. N., Berdida, D. J. E., Cruz, J. P., Cometa-Manalo, R. J., Balace, A. B., & Ramirez, S. H. (2022). Academic motivation and self-directed learning readiness of nursing students during the COVID-19 pandemic in three countries: A cross-sectional study. Nursing Forum, 57(3), 382–392. https://doi.org/10.1111/nuf.12698

Guglielmino, L. M., & Long, H. B. (2011). Self-directed learning readiness scale: A factor analysis and its relationship to self-directed learning. International Journal of Lifelong Education, 30(2), 210-219.

Hair Jr, J. F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C. M., Sarstedt, M., Danks, N. P., Ray, S., ... & Ray, S. (2021). An introduction to structural equation modeling. Partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) using R: a workbook, 1-29. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-80519-7_1

Hattie, J. (2009). Visible Learning: A Synthesis of Over 800 Meta-Analyses Relating to Achievement. Routledge.

Haven, J. (1859). Self-support. In Moral philosophy: Including theoretical and practical ethics (pp. 92–94). Sheldon & Company. https://doi.org/10.1037/13952-007

Hiemstra, R. (1994). Self-Directed Learning. IACE Hall of Fame Repository. https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_IACE-browseall/503

Houle, C. O. (1961). The inquiring mind (pp. xi, 87). Univer. Wisconsin Press.

Huang, M.F., Courtney, M., Edwards, H., & McDowell, J. (2010). Factors that affect health outcomes in adults with type 2 diabetes: A cross‐ sectional study. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 47, 542–549. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2009.10.012

Hwang, E. H., & Kim, K. H. (2023). Relationship between optimism, emotional intelligence, and academic resilience of nursing students: The mediating effect of self-directed learning competency. Frontiers in Public Health, 11. https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpubh.2023.1182689

Hwang, E., & Kim, J. (2022). Factors affecting academic burnout of nursing students according to clinical practice experience. BMC Medical Education, 22(1), 346. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-022-03422-7

Hwang, Y. & Oh, J. (2021). The relationship between self-directed learning and problem-solving ability: the mediating role of academic self-efficacy and self-regulated learning among nursing students. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(4), 1738. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18041738

Ibrahim, A., Abdelaziz, T., & Akel, D. (2019). The relationship between undergraduate nursing students’ satisfaction about clinical learning environment and their competency self-efficacy. Journal of Nursing Education and Practice, 9(11), 92. https://doi.org/10.5430/jnep.v9n11p92

Jamshidi, N., Molazem, Z., Sharif, F., Torabizadeh, C., & Najafi Kalyani, M. (2016). The Challenges of Nursing Students in the Clinical Learning Environment: A Qualitative Study. The Scientific World Journal, 2016, e1846178. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/1846178

Jin, X., Jiang, Q., Xiong, W., Pan, X., & Zhao, W. (2022). Using the Online Self-Directed Learning Environment to Promote Creativity Performance for University Students. Educational Technology & Society, 25(2), 130–147.

Kerka, S. (1999). Self-Directed Learning. Myths and Realities No. 3. https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED435834

Kim, H., Jang, S. M., Kim, S.-H., & Wan, A. (2018). Evaluating Sampling Methods for Content Analysis of Twitter Data. Social Media + Society, 4(2), 2056305118772836. https://doi.org/10.1177/2056305118772836

Kim, S., Cho, A., & Chung, C. (2022). Self-directed learning quotient and common learning types of pre-medical students in korea by the multi-dimensional learning strategy test 2nd edition: a descriptive study. Journal of Educational Evaluation for Health Professions, 19, 32. https://doi.org/10.3352/jeehp.2022.19.32

Kline, R. B. (2015). Principles and Practice of Structural Equation Modeling (Fourth edition). The Guilford Press.

Kline, R. B. (2015). Principles and Practice of Structural Equation Modeling (Fourth edition). The Guilford Press.

Knowles, M. S. (1975). Self-Directed Learning: A Guide for Learners and Teachers. Association Press, 291 Broadway, New York, New York 10007 ($4).

Levett-Jones, T. L. (2005). Self-directed learning: Implications and limitations for undergraduate nursing education. Nurse Education Today, 25(5), 363-368.

Loeng, S. (2020). Self‐directed learning: A core concept in adult education. Education Research International, 2020(1), 3816132.

Long, H. B., & Agyekum, S. K. (1983). Guglielmino’s self-directed learning readiness scale: A validation study. Higher Education, 12(1), 77–87. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00140273

Luo, R., Zhang, X., Zhang, C., & Liu, Y. (2019). Impact of self-directed learning readiness and learning attitude on problem-solving ability among chinese undergraduate nursing students. Frontiers of Nursing, 6(2), 143-150. https://doi.org/10.2478/fon-2019-0021

Merriam, S. B., Caffarella, R. S., & Baumgartner, L. M. (2007). Learning in adulthood: A comprehensive guide, 3rd ed (pp. xvi, 533). John Wiley & Sons Inc.

Mirzawati, N., Neviyarni, N., & Rusdinal, R. (2020). The relationship between self-efficacy and learning environment with students’ self-directed learning. Jurnal Aplikasi Iptek Indonesia, 4(1), 37-42. https://doi.org/10.24036/4.14343

Murad, M. H., Coto-Yglesias, F., Varkey, P., Prokop, L. J., & Murad, A. L. (2010). The effectiveness of self-directed learning in health professions education: A systematic review. Medical Education, 44(11), 1057-1068.

Noh, G. and Kim, D. (2019). Effectiveness of a self-directed learning program using blended coaching among nursing students in clinical practice: a quasi-experimental research design. BMC Medical Education, 19(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-019-1672-1

Nordquist, J., Hall, J., Caverzagie, K., Snell, L., Chan, M. K., Thoma, B., ... & Philibert, I. (2019). The clinical learning environment. Medical teacher, 41(4), 366-372.

O’Donnell, D. (2005). Habermas, Critical Theory and Selves-Directed Learning (SSRN Scholarly Paper 818364). https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=818364

Ojekou, G. P., & Okanlawon, F. A. (2019). Nursing Students’ Readiness for Self-Directed Learning and Its Effect on Learning Outcome in South-West Nigeria. Open Journal of Nursing, 9(6), Article 6. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojn.2019.96048

Papastavrou, E., Dimitriadou, M., Tsangari, H., & Andreou, C. (2016). Nursing students’ satisfaction of the clinical learning environment: a research study. BMC Nursing, 15(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12912-016-0164-4

Pintrich, P. R. (2004). A conceptual framework for assessing motivation and self-regulated learning in college students. Educational Psychology Review, 16(4), 385-407.

Rascón-Hernán, C., Fullana-Noell, J., Fuentes-Pumarola, C., Romero-Collado, A., Vila-Vidal, D., & Ballester-Ferrando, D. (2019). Measuring self-directed learning readiness in health science undergraduates: A cross-sectional study. Nurse education today, 83, 104201.

Robinson, J. D., & Persky, A. M. (2020). Developing self-directed learners. American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education, 84(3), 847512. https://doi.org/10.5688/ajpe847512

Roff, S., McAleer, S., Harden, R. M., Al-Qahtani, M., Ahmed, A. U., Deza, H., Groenen, G., & Primparyon, P. (1997). Development and validation of the Dundee Ready Education Environment Measure (DREEM). Medical Teacher, 19(4), 295–299. https://doi.org/10.3109/01421599709034208

Rowland, F., & Volet, S. (1996). Self-Direction in Community Learning: A Case Study.

Schunk, D. H., & Zimmerman, B. J. (1998). Self-regulated learning: From teaching to self-reflective practice. Guilford Press.

Schweder, S. and Raufelder, D. (2021). Examining positive emotions, autonomy support and learning strategies: self-directed versus teacher-directed learning environments. Learning Environments Research, 25(2), 507-522. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10984-021-09378-7

Sebaee, H., Aziz, E., & Mohamed, N. (2017). Relationship between nursing students’ clinical placement satisfaction, academic self-efficacy and achievement. Iosr Journal of Nursing and Health Science, 06(02), 101-112. https://doi.org/10.9790/1959-060203101112

Self-Directed Learning: A Four-Step Process. Centre for Teaching Excellence, University of Waterloo. (2023). Self-Directed Learning: A Four-Step Process | Centre for Teaching Excellence.

Shen, W., Chen, H., & Hu, Y. (2014). The validity and reliability of the self-directed learning instrument (sdli) in mainland chinese nursing students. BMC Medical Education, 14(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6920-14-108

Slater, C. E. (2018). Self-directed learning readiness of students in health professional preparation programs: Informing teaching and learning approaches.

Smedley, A. (2007). The self-directed learning readiness of first year bachelor of nursing students. Journal of Research in Nursing, 12(4), 373-385. https://doi.org/10.1177/1744987107077532

Spear, G. E., & Mocker, D. W. (1984). The organizing circumstance: Environmental determinants in self-directed learning. Adult Education Quarterly, 35(1), 1–10.

Stewart, R. A. (2017). Investigating the link between self-directed learning readiness and project-based learning outcomes: The case of international Masters students in an engineering management course. European Journal of Engineering Education, 42(6), 546-559.

Sumuer, E. (2018). Factors related to college students’ self-directed learning with technology. Australasian Journal of Educational Technology, 34(4), Article 4.

Unni, E., Le, M., & Whittaker, A. (2019). Implementation of a continuing professional development course in a longitudinal didactic curriculum for pharmacy students. American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education, 83(8), 7013. https://doi.org/10.5688/ajpe7013

van der Walt, J. L. (2019). The term “Self-Directed Learning”—back to Knowles, or another way to forge ahead?. Journal of Research on Christian Education, 28(1), 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1080/10656219.2019.1593265

Vasli, P., & Asadiparvar-Masouleh, H. (2022). Effects of self-directed learning on clinical competence and the mediating role of clinical learning environment among internship nursing students: A structural equation modeling approach. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-2109644/v1

Vasli, P., & Asadiparvar-Masouleh, H. (2023). Effects of self-directed learning on clinical

Vidal, L., Rodrigues, I. B., Clyne, W., Rowe, N., & Cleaver, K. (2020). Enhancing nursing education: Integration of nursing informatics competencies in undergraduate nursing curricula. Nurse Education Today, 88, 104386.

Visiers‐Jiménez, L., Suikkala, A., Salminen, L., Leino‐Kilpi, H., Löyttyniemi, E., Henriques, M., … & Kajander‐Unkuri, S. (2021). Clinical learning environment and graduating nursing students’ competence: a multi‐country cross‐sectional study. Nursing and Health Sciences, 23(2), 398-410. https://doi.org/10.1111/nhs.12819

Williams, B., & Beovich, B. (2019). Self-directed learning readiness of undergraduate paramedicine students: A multi-institutional study. Journal of Allied Health, 48(2), 82-88.

Xiao-hong, Z., Li, M., Liu, H., Luo, R., Zhang, C., Zhang, P., … & Liu, Y. (2018). Role of academic self-efficacy in the relationship between self-directed learning readiness and problem-solving ability among nursing students. Frontiers of Nursing, 5(1), 75-81. https://doi.org/10.1515/fon-2018-0011

Yao, J. J. Y. (2021). The Significance of Self-directed Learning Readiness, Academic Self-efficacy, and Problem-solving Ability Among Filipino Nursing Students. International Journal of Learning, Teaching and Educational Research, 20(10), Article 10. https://www.ijlter.org/index.php/ijlter/article/view/4228

Zainudin, A. A., Ahmad, N., & Mohadis, H. M. (2019). Challenges of self-directed clinical skill learning: Experience among undergraduate nursing students in Malaysia. Nurse Education Today, 77, 18-22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nedt.2019.03.012

Zhang, J., Shields, L., Ma, B., Yin, Y., Wang, J., Zhang, R., & Hui, X. (2022). The clinical learning environment, supervision and future intention to work as a nurse in nursing students: A cross-sectional and descriptive study. BMC Medical Education, 22(1), 548. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-022-03609-y

Zimmerman, B. J. (2000). Attaining self-regulation: A social cognitive perspective. In M. Boekaerts, P. R. Pintrich, & M. Zeidner (Eds.), Handbook of Self-Regulation (pp. 13-39). Academic Press.

Zimmerman, B. J. (2002). Becoming a self-regulated learner: An overview. Theory into Practice, 41(2), 64-70.

Downloads

Published

2025-06-13

How to Cite

Castillo, M. M. M. (2025). A Parsimonious Model of Nursing Students’ Clinical Learning Environment and Self-Directed Learning: Basis for a Self-Directed Learning Development Program. American Journal of Physical Education and Health Science, 3(1), 57-70. https://doi.org/10.54536/ajpehs.v3i1.4807

Similar Articles

1-10 of 39

You may also start an advanced similarity search for this article.