Environmentally Friendly Synthesis of Hierarchical Porous Activated Carbon From Biomass Waste for Enhanced Supercapacitor Performance and Measured by Voltage Holding Method
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.54536/ajise.v5i1.7264Keywords:
Biomass, Stability Charge Storage, Super Capacitor, Voltage-Holding MethodAbstract
Supercapacitors remain highly efficient energy storage devices, which rely on electrochemical processes, however, stability over extended periods remains a major concern. In this study, the performance of a biomass-derived device is tested using the voltage holding method. The device exhibited a specific capacitance of 55Fg-1 at 0.5Ag-1 and a maximum energy density of 8.14Whkg-1 at 250Wkg-1 power density. Consequently, a 10h floating period was followed by consecutive constant current charge discharge (CCCD) cycles to identify any capacitance loss over a 72 h (3days) period. It was observed that within the first 50 h, there was no noticeable loss in capacitance which shows high stability at the set voltage of 1.6V and time window. However, beyond 50 hours of exposure and running up to 72 h, a capacitance loss of 44% was observed. This voltage holding method tells the true story of the stability patterns of supercapacitors as it gives insight via an aggressive aging process.
Downloads
References
Amakoromo, T. E., Abumere, O. E., Amusan, J. A., Anye, V., & Bello, A. (2021). Porous Carbon from Manihot Esculenta (Cassava) Peels Waste for Charge Storage Applications. Current Research in Green and Sustainable Chemistry, 4(March), 100098. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crgsc.2021.100098
Andreas, H. A. (2015). Self-Discharge in Electrochemical Capacitors: A Perspective Article. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 162(5), A5047–A5053. https://doi.org/10.1149/2.0081505jes
Bello, A., Barzegar, F., Madito, M. J., Momodu, D. Y., Khaleed, A. A., Masikhwa, T. M., Dangbegnon, J. K., & Manyala, N. (n.d.). Stability studies of polypyrole-derived carbon based symmetric supercapacitor via potentiostatic floating test.
Bello, A., Barzegar, F., Madito, M. J., Momodu, D. Y., Khaleed, A. A., Masikhwa, T. M., Dangbegnon, J. K., & Manyala, N. (2016). Stability studies of polypyrole- derived carbon based symmetric supercapacitor via potentiostatic floating test. Electrochimica Acta, 213, 107–114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2016.06.151
Chen, L., Bai, H., Huang, Z., & Li, L. (2014). Mechanism investigation and suppression of self-discharge in active electrolyte enhanced supercapacitors. Energy & Environmental Science, 7(5), 1750–1759. https://doi.org/10.1039/c4ee00002a
Conway, B. E., Pell, W. G., & Liu, T. C. (1997). Diagnostic analyses for mechanisms of self-discharge of electrochemical capacitors and batteries. Journal of Power Sources, 65(1–2), 53–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-7753(97)02468-3
Electrochemical Capacitive Performance of Zncl2 Activated Carbon Derived from Bamboo Bagasse in Aqueous and Organic Electrolyte : Oriental Journal of Chemistry. (n.d.). Retrieved January 30, 2023, from http://www.orientjchem.org/vol35no1/electrochemical-capacitive-performance-of-zncl2-activated-carbon-derived-from-bamboo-bagasse-in-aqueous-and-organic-electrolyte/
Elgendy, A., El Basiony, N. M., El-Taib Heakal, F., & Elkholy, A. E. (2020). Mesoporous Ni-Zn-Fe layered double hydroxide as an efficient binder-free electrode active material for high-performance supercapacitors. Journal of Power Sources, 466(32), 228294. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2020.228294
Hahn, M., Barbieri, O., Campana, F. P., Kötz, R., & Gallay, R. (2006). Carbon based double layer capacitors with aprotic electrolyte solutions: The possible role of intercalation/insertion processes. Applied Physics A: Materials Science and Processing, 82(4 SPEC. ISS.), 633–638. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00339-005-3403-1
Huang, Y., He, J., Luan, Y., Jiang, Y., Guo, S., Zhang, X., Tian, C., & Jiang, B. (2017). Promising biomass-derived hierarchical porous carbon material for high performance supercapacitor. RSC Advances, 7(17), 10385–10390. https://doi.org/10.1039/C6RA27788H
Jin, H., Wang, X., Gu, Z., Hoefelmeyer, J. D., Muthukumarappan, K., & Julson, J. (2014). Graphitized activated carbon based on big bluestem as an electrode for supercapacitors. RSC Advances, 4(27), 14136–14142. https://doi.org/10.1039/c3ra46037a
Jo, S., Jayababu, N., & Kim, D. (2022). Rational design of cobalt-iron bimetal layered hydroxide on conductive fabric as a flexible battery-type electrode for enhancing the performance of hybrid supercapacitor. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 904, 164082. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2022.164082
Li, G., Li, Y., Chen, X., Hou, X., Lin, H., & Jia, L. (2022). One step synthesis of N, P co-doped hierarchical porous carbon nanosheets derived from pomelo peel for high performance supercapacitors. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 605, 71–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2021.07.065
Ma, X., Yang, H., Yu, L., Chen, Y., & Li, Y. (2014). Preparation, surface and pore structure of high surface area activated carbon fibers from bamboo by steam activation. Materials, 7(6), 4431–4441. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma7064431
Moyo, B., Momodu, D., Fasakin, O., Dangbegnon, J., & Manyala, N. (1911). Electrochemical analysis of nanoporous carbons derived from activation of polypyrrole for stable supercapacitors. Journal of Materials Science. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-017-1911-y
Mutuma, B. K., Sylla, N. F., Bubu, A., Ndiaye, N. M., Santoro, C., Brilloni, A., Poli, F., Manyala, N., & Soavi, F. (2021). Valorization of biodigestor plant waste in electrodes for supercapacitors and microbial fuel cells. Electrochimica Acta, 391, 138960. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2021.138960
Noori, A., El-Kady, M. F., Rahmanifar, M. S., Kaner, R. B., & Mousavi, M. F. (2019). Towards establishing standard performance metrics for batteries, supercapacitors and beyond. Chemical Society Reviews, 48(5), 1272–1341. https://doi.org/10.1039/c8cs00581h
Nwabanne, & Igbokwe P K. (2011). Preparation of Activated Carbon from Nipa Palm Nut: Influence of Preparation Conditions. In Research Journal of Chemical Sciences (Vol. 1, Number 6).
Ruch, P. W., Cericola, D., Foelske-Schmitz, A., Kötz, R., & Wokaun, A. (2010). Aging of electrochemical double layer capacitors with acetonitrile-based electrolyte at elevated voltages. Electrochimica Acta, 55(15), 4412–4420. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2010.02.064
Ruiz, V., Santamaría, R., Granda, M., & Blanco, C. (2009). Long-term cycling of carbon-based supercapacitors in aqueous media. Electrochimica Acta, 54(19), 4481–4486. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2009.03.024
Šedajová, V., Jakubec, P., Bakandritsos, A., Ranc, V., & Otyepka, M. (2020). New limits for stability of supercapacitor electrode material based on graphene derivative. Nanomaterials, 10(9), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano10091731
Self-discharge of electrochemical double layer capacitors - Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics (RSC Publishing). (n.d.). Retrieved February 28, 2026, from https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2013/cp/c3cp44612c
Sevilla, M., & Fuertes, A. B. (n.d.). green approach supercapacitor electrodes : chemical activation of hydrochar with potassium bicarbonate. 1–31.
Sevilla, M., & Fuertes, A. B. (2016). A Green Approach to High-Performance Supercapacitor Electrodes : The Chemical Activation of Hydrochar with Potassium Bicarbonate. 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1002/cssc.201600426
Sevilla, M., & Mokaya, R. (n.d.). Energy storage applications of activated carbons supercapacitors and hydrogen storage - Energy & Environmental Science (RSC Publishing).
Taberna, P. L., Simon, P., & Fauvarque, J.-F. (2003). Electrochemical characteristics and impedance spectroscopy studies of carbon-carbon supercapacitors. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 150(3), A292--A300.
Vijayakumar, M., Bharathi Sankar, A., Sri Rohita, D., Nanaji, K., Narasinga Rao, T., & Karthik, M. (2020). Achieving High Voltage and Excellent Rate Capability Supercapacitor Electrodes Derived From Bio-renewable and Sustainable Resource. ChemistrySelect, 5(28), 8759–8772. https://doi.org/10.1002/slct.202001877
Weingarth, D., Foelske-Schmitz, A., & Kötz, R. (2013). Cycle versus voltage hold - Which is the better stability test for electrochemical double layer capacitors? Journal of Power Sources, 225, 84–88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2012.10.019
Xie, X. B., Wu, D., Wu, H., Hou, C., Sun, X., Zhang, Y., Yu, R., Zhang, S., Wang, B., & Du, W. (2020). Dielectric parameters of activated carbon derived from rosewood and corncob. Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics, 31(20), 18077–18084. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854-020-04358-8
Yakout, S. M., & Sharaf El-Deen, G. (2016). Characterization of activated carbon prepared by phosphoric acid activation of olive stones. Arabian Journal of Chemistry, 9, S1155–S1162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2011.12.002
Yang, S., & Zhang, K. (2018). Converting Corncob to Activated Porous Carbon for Supercapacitor Application. Nanomaterials, 8(4), 181. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano8040181
Zequine, C., Ranaweera, C. K., Wang, Z., Dvornic, P. R., Kahol, P. K., Singh, S., Tripathi, P., Srivastava, O. N., Singh, S., Kumar Gupta, B., Gupta, G., & Gupta, R. K. (n.d.). High-Performance Flexible Supercapacitors obtained via Recycled Jute: Bio-Waste to Energy Storage Approach OPEN. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-01319-w
Zhu, X., Huang, X., Anwer, S., Wang, N., & Zhang, L. (2020). Nitrogen-Doped Porous Carbon Nanospheres Activated under Low ZnCl2Aqueous System: An Electrode for Supercapacitor Applications. Langmuir, 36(31), 9284–9290. https://doi.org/10.1021/ACS.LANGMUIR.0C01670/SUPPL_FILE/LA0C01670_SI_001.PDF
ZINC chloride | ZnCl2 - PubChem. (n.d.). Retrieved January 30, 2023, from https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/ZINC-chloride
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 T. E Amakoromo, P. S. Cookey
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
