Effect of changing the polynomial parameters of the vortex Laguerre beam on the behavior of SER
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.54536/ajmp.v1i1.6636Keywords:
Laguerre Gaussian Vortex beam, Polynomial Parameters, SER, TurbulenceAbstract
The symbol error rate (SER) is a significant parameter in the optical communication field as it demonstrates how well a system is capable of encoding data over an optical channel. Reducing the effects of SER is one of the primary objectives of designing modern optical systems since numerous variables can lower the performance, like noise and various forms of optical distortion. Laguerre polynomials can be used as a mathematical method of enhancing system reliability. This study analyzes the influence of various changes in the parameters of the polynomials that constitute the Laguerre-Gaussian vortex beam (LGVB) on the SER as the beam propagates in weak, moderate, and strong turbulence. The study explores the nature of parameter combinations to affect the intensity pattern of the beam and the resulting SER using numerical simulations. The results indicate that some combinations of parameters work significantly better than others and this results in a significant decrease in symbol errors. SER at (3,0) and (2,0) have the lowest value in the high turbulence because their intensity profiles are spatially dispersed. An effective non-hardware-altered mitigation strategy of LGVB to increase polynomial parameters improves strong SER in the turbulent FSO systems. The results of the simulation of (n=3, m=0) indicate that the suggested beam setup gives the minimum SER compared to other Laguerre Gaussian Vortex beams with various values of radial index (n), and topological charge (m) under the same turbulence conditions (Cn² = 10-12 m-2/3). This study offers practical information for the design of turbulence-resistant optical links, especially in satellite-to-ground and long-distance land communication.
Downloads
References
Abdul, A. (2025). Predicting WSN packet loss using machine learning: Applications in solid surroundings. Edelweiss Applied Science and Technology, 9(2), 289–302. https://ideas.repec.org/a/ajp/edwast/v9y2025i2p289-302id4466.html
Alam, N., Wani, S. A., Khan, W. A., Fakhredine Gassem, & Anas Altaleb. (2024). Exploring Properties and Applications of Laguerre Special Polynomials Involving the Δh Form. Symmetry, 16(9), 1154–1154. https://doi.org/10.3390/sym16091154
Belmonte, A. (2000). Feasibility study for the simulation of beam propagation: consideration of coherent lidar performance. Applied Optics, 39(30), 5426. https://doi.org/10.1364/ao.39.005426
Cheng, W., Haus, J. W., & Zhan, Q. (2009). Propagation of scalar and vector vortex beams through turbulent atmosphere. SPIE Proceedings, 7200, 720004. https://doi.org/10.1117/12.809138
Chimitt, N., Zhang, X., Mao, Z., & Chan, S. H. (2022). Real-time dense field phase-to-space simulation of imaging through atmospheric turbulence. IEEE Transactions on Computational Imaging, 8, 1159-1169. https://arxiv.org/pdf/2210.06713
Dong, K., Cheng, M., Lavery, M. P., Geng, S., Wang, P., & Guo, L. (2022). Scattering of partially coherent vortex beam by rough surface in atmospheric turbulence. Optics Express, 30(3), 4165-4178. https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.444155
Doohwan, L., Yasunori, Y., Hirofumi, S., & Hiroyuki, S. (2022). Experimental Evaluation of High-capacity Wireless Transmission Using Orbital Angular Momentum Multiplexing Technology. NTT Technical Review, 20(3), 36-45. https://doi.org/10.53829/ntr202203ra1
Eyadeh, A. A., & Al-Ta’ani, M. N. (2019). Performance Study of Wireless Systems with Switch and Stay Combining Diversity over α-η-μFading Channels. Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research, 9(6).
Eyyuboğlu, H. T., Y. Baykal, & A. Falits. (2011). Scintillation behavior of Laguerre Gaussian beams in strong turbulence. Applied Physics B, 104(4), 1001–1006. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00340-011-4588-y
Fareed, A., Ghazi, A., Aras Al-Dawoodi, Aljunid, S. A., Syed, Rashidi, M., Amphawan, A., Fakhrudeen, A. M., & Ibrahim. (2020). Comparison of Laguerre-Gaussian, Hermite–Gaussian and linearly polarized modes in SDM over FMF with electrical nonlinear equalizer. AIP Conference Proceedings, 2203, 020045–020045. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5142137
Gregory, M., Troendle, D., G. Muehlnikel, Heine, F., Meyer, R., M. Lutzer, & R. Czichy. (2013). Three years coherent space to ground links: performance results and outlook for the optical ground station equipped with adaptive optics. Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE, 8610, 861004–861004. https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2022253
Hricha, Z., Lazrek, M., Halba, M. E., & Belafhal, A. (2022). Effect of a turbulent atmosphere on the propagation properties of partially coherent vortex cosine-hyperbolic-Gaussian beams. Optical and Quantum Electronics, 54(11). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11082-022-04064-1
Huang, K., Xu, Y., & Li, Y. (2023). Average Intensity of a Laguerre—Gaussian Vector Vortex Beam through Inhomogeneous Atmospheric Turbulence. Photonics, 10(11), 1189–1189. https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics10111189
Jiang, R., Wang, K., Tang, X., & Wang, X. (2023). Investigation of Oceanic Turbulence Random Phase Screen Generation Methods for UWOC. Photonics, 10(7), 832. https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics10070832
Johnston, R. A., & Lane, R. G. (2000). Modeling scintillation from an aperiodic Kolmogorov phase screen. Applied Optics, 39(26), 4761–4761. https://doi.org/10.1364/ao.39.004761
Li, M., & Cvijetic, M. (2015). Coherent free space optics communications over the maritime atmosphere with use of adaptive optics for beam wavefront correction. Applied optics, 54(6), 1453-1462. https://doi.org/10.1364/ao.54.001453
Li, Y., Zhang, Z., Li, R., Xu, D., Zhang, H., Cai, Y., & Zeng, J. (2024). The Spiral Spectrum of a Laguerre–Gaussian Beam Carrying the Cross-Phase Propagating in Weak-to-Strong Atmospheric Turbulence. Photonics, 11(2), 148. https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics11020148
Liu, M., Yao, L., Gao, Y., Zhang, H., Yuan, Y., Guo, B., & Shi, H. (2025). Optical Communication Performance of Cylindrical Vector Partially Coherent Laguerre–Gaussian Beams in Atmospheric Turbulence. Photonics, 12(9), 883. https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics12090883
Mackey, R., & Dainty, C. (2005). Wavefront sensing and adaptive optics in strong turbulence. SPIE Proceedings, 5827, 23. https://doi.org/10.1117/12.605071
Mourka, A. (2025). Probing the modal characteristics of novel beam shapes. St-Andrews.ac.uk. https://hdl.handle.net/10023/4287
Nossir, N., Dalil-Essakali, L. & Belafhal, A. Behavior of the central intensity of generalized humbert-gaussian beams against the atmospheric turbulence. Opt Quant Electron 53, 665 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11082-021-03316-w
Pan, S., Wang, L., Wang, W., & Zhao, S. (2019). An Effective Way for Simulating Oceanic Turbulence Channel on the Beam Carrying Orbital Angular Momentum. Scientific Reports, 9(1). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-50465-w
Plick, W. N., & Krenn, M. (2015). Physical meaning of the radial index of Laguerre-Gauss beams. Physical Review A, 92(6). https://doi.org/10.1103/physreva.92.063841
Pranitha, B., & Anjaneyulu, L. (2019). Performance Evaluation of a MIMO based Underwater Communication System under Fading Conditions. Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research, 9(6).
Schwartz, N. H., Védrenne, N., Michau, V., Velluet, M.-T., & Chazallet, F. (2009). Mitigation of atmospheric effects by adaptive optics for free-space optical communications. SPIE Proceedings, 7200, 72000J. https://doi.org/10.1117/12.808142
Sharma, S. (2012). A simplified free-space adaptive optics system against atmospheric turbulence. International Journal of Electronics, 99(3), 417-436. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207217.2011.629222
Stotts, L. B., Kolodzy, P., Pike, A., Graves, B., Dougherty, D., & Douglass, J. (2010). Free-space optical communications link budget estimation. Applied Optics, 49(28), 5333–5333. https://doi.org/10.1364/ao.49.005333
Wang, Y., Xu, H., Li, D., Wang, R., Jin, C., Yin, X., Gao, S., Mu, Q., Xuan, L., & Cao, Z. (2018). Performance analysis of an adaptive optics system for free-space optics communication through atmospheric turbulence. Scientific Reports, 8(1), 1124–1124. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-19559
Wei, D., Li, S., Zeng, J., Zhu, X., Chen, T., Cai, Y., & Yu, J. (2020). Comparative Study of Spiral Spectrum of Elegant and Standard Laguerre–Gaussian Beams in Atmospheric Turbulence. Journal of Russian Laser Research, 41(4), 364–372. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10946-020-09887-5
Yang, H., Yan, Q., Wang, P., Hu, L., & Zhang, Y. (2022). Bit-error rate and average capacity of an absorbent and turbulent underwater wireless communication link with perfect Laguerre-Gauss beam. Optics Express, 30(6), 9053–9064. https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.451981
Zeng, J., Liu, X., Zhao, C., Wang, F., Gbur, G., & Cai, Y. (2019). Spiral spectrum of a Laguerre-Gaussian beam propagating in anisotropic non-Kolmogorov turbulent atmosphere along horizontal path. Optics Express, 27(18), 25342–25342. https://doi.org/10.1364/oe.27.025342
Zheng, D., Li, Y., Zhou, H., Bian, Y., Yang, C., Li, W., Qiu, J., Guo, H., Hong, X., Zuo, Y., Giles, I. P., Tong, W., & Wu, J. (2018). Performance enhancement of free-space optical communications under atmospheric turbulence using modes diversity coherent receipt. Optics Express, 26(22), 28879–28879. https://doi.org/10.1364/oe.26.028879
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Ali A. Dheyab, Asmaa M. Aubaid, Ekhlas Kadhum Hamza, Hamid Sh. Aldulaimi (Author)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
