Exploring the Impact of Leadership Styles on the Motivation of Millennial Teachers
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.54536/ajiri.v1i2.497Keywords:
Leadership Styles, Motivation, Transformational, Transactional, Laissez-Faire Extrinsic Motivation, Intrinsic Motivation, MillennialsAbstract
The way a leader gives guidance, implements plans, and motivates people to achieve their goals is referred to as their leadership style. At this juncture, the exploration of leadership styles and its impact on the motivation of millennial teachers was considered a relevant discourse for the time being. The objective of the research is to assess the impact vis-a-vis the leadership style and motivation, mainly, for the purpose of establishing baseline data which may be beneficial to the players of the educational system. The anticipated outcome, on the other hand was, enhancement of leadership styles of educational leaders by proposing an action plan or program. In effect, the millennial teachers themselves would be guaranteed with a healthier functional and professional environment, to which, would also lead them to be educational leaders thereon. Using descriptive correlational design as method, a total of 105 elementary public-school teachers were identified through purposive sampling technique. All these respondents were stationed in various 21 elementary schools in the SDO Palayan City Annex, Province of Nueva Ecija, Philippines. Results revealed that preferred type of leadership by the respondents, the transformational leadership style’s item-statements dealing on idealized influence got the highest general weighted mean of 4.04., described as Fairly Often. In terms of the intrinsic and extrinsic motivational factors of teaches, they emphasized on their work as very fundamental reason for defining who they are and because they need it, as their external motivational factor. A Professional Development Plan on Leadership Style and Motivation was crafted and recommended.
Downloads
References
Asfour, A. & Lettau, L. (2014). Strategies for leadership styles for multi-generational workforce. Journal of Leadership, Accountability & Ethics, 11(2), 58-69.
Arnold, K., Connelly, C., Walsh, M., & Martin Ginis, K. (2015). Leadership styles, emotion regulation, and burnout. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 20(4), 481-490. https://doi:10.1037/a0039045
Avolio, B. J., & Bass, B. M. (2004). Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire-5X (MLQ)
Bacha, E., & Walker, S. (2013). The relationship between transformational leadership and followers, perceptions of fairness. Journal of Business Ethics, 116(3), 667-680. https://doi:10.1007/s10551012-1507
Baker, B. & Cooper, B. (2005). Do principals with stronger academic backgrounds hire better teachers? Policy implications for improving high poverty schools. Educational Admin istration Quarterly, 41(3), 449-479. https://doi.org/101177/0013161X04269609
Bandura, A. (1977). Social learning theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Bass, B. (1985). Leadership and performance beyond expectations. New York, NY: Free Press.
Bass, B. & Riggio, R. (2006). Transformational Leadership (2nd ed.). Laurence Eribaum Associates, Inc.
Batool, S., Khattak, S. R., & Saleem, Z. (2016). Professionalism: A key quality of effective manager. Journal of Managerial Sciences, 10(1), 105-118. Retrieved from http://www.qurtuba.edu.pk/jms/
Belle, N. (2013). Leading to make a difference: A field experience on the performance effects of transformational leadership, perceived social impact, and public service motivation. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 24, 109-136. doi:10.1093/jopart/mut033
Belyh, A. (2019). Management by Exception: Definition, Principles, Examples. Shuttlestock.com
Bonner, J., Greenbaum, R., & Mayer, D. (2016). My Boss is morally disengaged: The role of ethical leadership in explaining the interactive effect of supervisor and employee moral disengagement on employee behaviors. Journal of Business Ethics, 137(4), 731-742. doi:10.1007/s10551-014-2366-6
Braun, S., Peus, C., Weisweiler, S., & Frey, D. (2013). Transformational leadership, job satisfaction, and team performance: A multilevel mediation model of trust. The Leadership Quarterly, 24(1), 270-283. https://doi: 10.1016/j.leaqua.2012.11.006
Brown, A. M. B. (2021). Exploring Strategies to Prepare Millennials for Leadership Roles in the Workforce: A Qualitative Case Study (Doctoral dissertation, Northcentral University). https://www.proquest.com/openview/65ef47cc9196dfa99b86cce9f8d76ce6/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=18750&diss=y
Brown, M., Treviño, L., & Harrison, D. (2005). Ethical leadership: A social learning perspective for construct development and testing. Organizational Behavior & Human Decision Processes, 97(2), 117-134. https://doi: 10.1016/j.obhdp.2005.03.002
Burns, J. (1978). Leasdership. New York, NY: Harper & Row.
Caillier, J. (2014). Toward a better understanding of the relationship between transformational leadership, public service motivation, mission valence, and employee performance: A preliminary study. Public Personnel Management, 43(2), 218-239. https://doi:10.1177/0091026014528478
Camm, C. (2016). Pseudo leadership and safety culture. Digital Commons @ Montana Tech, 1-3. Retrieved from http://digitalcommons.mtech.edu/mine_engr/5/
Cebollero, C. (2014). Elements of Leadership: Two types of motivation explained. EMS Management.
Chang, B. (2021). Asian American Millennial Employees’ Leadership Preference in the Workplace: A Qualitative Approach a Case Study (Doctoral dissertation, University of La Verne).https://www.proquest.com/openview/37846b254a0cbb2bcaaa452fc8368d3d/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=18750&diss=y
Cherry, K. (2020). How a Transactional Leadership Style Works. Theories. Personality Psychology. Verywellmind.com
Cox, A., Hannif, Z., & Rowley, C. (2014). Leadership styles and generational effects: Examples of US companies in Vietnam. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 25(1), 1-22. https://doi:10.1080/09585192.2013.778311
Cornelissen, R. P., & Smith, J. (2022). Leadership approaches of principals heading National Strategy Learner Attainment schools in South Africa. International Journal of Educational Leadership and Management, 56-83. https://hipatiapress.com/hpjournals/index.php/ijelm/article/view/7966
Dai, Y., Dai, Y., Chen, K., & Wu, H. (2013). Transformational vs transactional leadership: which is better? A study on employees of international tourist hotels in Taipei City. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 25(5), 760-778. https://doi:10.1108/IJCHM-DEC-2011-0223
Day, D. V., Riggio, R. E., Tan, S. J., & Conger, J. A. (2021). Advancing the science of 21st-century leadership development: Theory, research, and practice. The Leadership Quarterly, 32(5), 101557.
Derville-Gallicano, T. (2015). Stop the job-hopping. Public Relations Tactics, 24(2), 15.
Dimitrov, D. &Darova, S. (2016). Factor structure of the multifactor leadrship questionaire MLQ 5X. Strategic Impact, 58(1), 44-55. Retrieved from
Dranitsaris, A. (2020). Avoidant Leadership Persona, Relationship and Behavioral Change. Linkedin
Drouin, S. (2022). Transition to Practice in Leadership and Management.
DuBois, M., Koch, J., Hanlon, J., Nyatuga, B., & Kerr, N. (2015). Leadership styles of effective project managers: Techniques and traits to lead high performance teams. Journal Of Economic Development, Management, IT, Finance & Marketing, 7(1), 30-46. Retrieved from http://www.gsmi-ijgb.com/
Duggan, T. (2019). The Effects of Leadership Styles on the Organization. urbusiness.azcentral.com
Ferri-Reed, J. (2015). “Millennializing” the work environment. Journal for Quality & Participation, 37(4), 17-18. Retrieved from http://asq.org/
Fusco, T., O’Riordan, S., & Palmer, S. (2015). Authentic leaders are... Conscious, competent, competent, and congruent: A grounded theory of group coaching and authentic leadership development. International Coaching Psychology Review, 10(2), 131-148. Retrieved from http://www.bps.org.uk/
Galdames, S., & Guihen, L. (2022). Millennials and leadership: a systematic literature review. Total Quality Management & Business Excellence, 33(1-2), 146-162. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14783363.2020.1812380
Ghasabeh, M., Reaiche, C., &Soosay, C. (2015). The Emerging Role of Transformational Leadership. Journal of Developing Areas, 49(6), 459-467. Retrieved from https://www.aabss.org.au/journal/jda
Gotsis, G., &Grimani, K. (2016). The role of servant leadership in fostering inclusive organizations. Journal of Management Development, 38(5), 985-1010. https://doi:10.1108/JMD-07-2015-0095
Hassan, S.& Hatmaker, D. (2014). Leadership and Performance of Public Employees: Effect of the Quality and Characteristics of Manager-Employee Relationship. Ohio State University Universityof Connecticut
Hill, B. (2019). What are the factors affecting job satisfaction. Small Business/Managing Employees/Jobs
Huang, J., Li, W., Qiu, C., Yim, F. H., & Wan, J. (2016). The impact of CEO servant leadership on firm performance in the hospitality industry. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 28(5), 945-968. https://doi:10.1108/IJCHM08-2014-0388
Hughes, T. (2014). Idealized, Inspirational, and Intellectual Leaders in the Social Sector: Transformtional Leadership and the Kravis Prize. Claremont College, CMC. Senior Thesis
Indeed Editorial Team (2021). Leadership Titles: Definitions and Examples. Career Guide/ Career Development
Jarrett, K. (2021). Preferred Principal Leadership Styles Conducive to Teacher Retention (Doctoral dissertation, Charleston Southern University).https://www.proquest.com/openview/bc15e6c8d7b5c6b927cc117dbe9f1f0b/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=18750&diss=y
Jordan, J., Brown, M., Trevino, L., & Finkelstein, S. (2013). Someone to look up to: Executive–follower ethical reasoning and perceptions of ethical leadership. Journal of Management, 39(3), 660-683. https://doi:10.1177/0149206311398136
Judge, T. & Piccolo, R. (2004). Transformational and Transactional Leadership: A meta-analytic test for their relative validity. Journal of Applied Psychology
Kalshoven, D., Den Hartog, D., & De Hoogh, A. (2011). Ethical leadership at work questionnaire. Psyctests. https://doi:10.1037/t11664-000
Kalshoven, D., Den Hartog, D., & De Hoogh, A. (2011). Ethical leadership at work questionnaire (ELW): Development and validation of a multidimensional measure. Leadership Quarterly, 22(1), 51-69. https:// doi: 10.1016/j.leaqua.2010.12.007
Khan, S. N., Rehman, H. M., & Javaid, M. (2022). Overview of Leadership Approaches. In Leadership and Followership in an Organizational Change Context (pp. 1-21). IGI Global.
Kini, T. &Podolsky, A. (2016). Does Teaching Experience Increase Teacher Effectiveness? A Review of the Research. Learning Policy Institute
Krasikova, D. V., Green, S. G., & LeBreton, J. M. (2013). Destructive leadership: A theoretical review, integration, and future research agenda. Journal of Management, 39(5), 1308-1338. https://doi:10.1177/0149206312471388
Lam, L. W., Loi, R., Chan, K. W., & Liu, Y. (2016). Voice more and stay longer: How ethical leaders influence employee voice and exit intentions. Business Ethics Quarterly, 26(3), 277-300. https://doi:10.1017/beq.2016.30
Lanaj, K., Johnson, R., & Lee, S. (2016). Benefits of transformational behaviors for leaders: A daily investigation of leader behaviors and need fulfillment. Journal of Applied Psychology, 101(2), 237-251. https://doi:10.1037/apl0000052
Letwin, C., Wo, D., Folger, R., Rice, D., Taylor, R., Richard, B., & Taylor, S. (2016). The ‘right’ and the ‘good’ in ethical leadership: Implications for supervisors’ performance and promotability evaluations. Journal of Business Ethics, 137(4), 743-755. https:// doi:10.1007/s10551-015-2747-5
Liden, R., Wayne, S., Chenwei, L., & Meuser, J. (2014).Servant leadership and serving culture: Influence on individual and unit performance. Academy of Management Journal, 57(5), 1434-1452. https:// doi:10.5465/amj.2013.0034
Lopez, M. (2014). Preferred Leadership Style of the Millenials. Linked in
Masa’deh, R., Obeidat, B. Y., &Tarhini, A. (2016). A Jordanian empirical study of the associations among transformational leadership, transactional leadership, knowledge sharing, job performance, and firm performance. Journal of Management Development, 35(5), 681-705. https://doi:10.1108/JMD-09-2015-0134
Mathew. M. & Gupta, K. (2015). Transformational leadership: Emotional intelligence. SCMS Journal Of Indian Management, 12(2), 75-89. Retrieved from
Mayer, D., Aquino, K., Greenbaum, R., &Kuenzi, M. (2012). Who displays ethical leadership, and why does it matter? An examination of antecedents and consequences of ethical leadership. Academy of Management Journal, 55(1), 151-171. https:// doi:10.5465/amj.2008.0276
McCleskey, J. (2014). Situational, transformational, and transactional leadership and leadership development. Journal of Business Studies Quarterly, 5(4), 117-130. Retrieved from http://jbsq.org/
McFarlin, K. (2022). How to Overcome Workplace Demotivation. Small Business/Managing Employees/ Employees. CHRON
Mind Garden. (n.d.). Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ). Retrieved from http://www.mindgarden.com/products/mlq.htm
Molinaro, V. (2015). Driving Leadership Accountability: A Critical Business Priority for HR Leaders. People & Strategy, 38(3), 32-36. Retrieved from http://www.hrps.org/
Neubert, M. J., Wu, C., & Roberts, J. A. (2013). The influence of ethical leadership and regulatory focus on employee outcomes. Business Ethics Quarterly, 23(2), 269-296. https://doi:10.5840/beq201323217
Pardesi, Y. &Pardesi, Y. (2013). Charismatic leadership: A critical analysis. Government: Research Journal of Political Science, 271-284.
Petrock, F. (2015). Analyzing the balance of consequences for performance improvement. Organization Behavior Management
Prottas, D. (2013). Relationships among employee perception of their managers behavioral integrity, moral distress, and employee attitudes and well-being. Journal of Business Ethics, 113(1), 51-60. https:// doi:10.1007/s10551-012-1280-z
Paulist Press.Hoyt, C. L., Price, T. L., &Poatsy, L. (2013). The social role theory of unethical leadership. The Leadership Quarterly, 24(5), 712–723. https://doi: 10.1016/j.leaqua.2013.07.001
Rawung, F., Wuryaningrat, N., &Elvinita, L. (2015). The influence of transactional and transformational leadership on knowledge sharing: An empirical study on small and medium businesses in Indonesia. Asian Academy of Management Journal, 20(1), 123-145. Retrieved from http://web.usm.my/aamj/
Ryan, R.M., & Deci, E.L. (2002). Self-Determination Theory
Schuh, S., Zhang, X., & Tian, P. (2013). For that good or bad? Interactive effects of transformational leadership with moral and authoritarian leadership behaviors. Journal of Business Ethics, 116(3), 629-640.https:// doi:10.1007/s10551-012-1486-0
Schwepker, C., & Schultz, R. (2015). Influence of the ethical servant leader and ethical climate on customer value enhancing sales performance. Journal Of Personal Selling & Sales Management, 35(2), 93-107. https://doi:10.1080/08853134.2015.1010537
Stouten, J., van Dijke, M., Mayer, D., De Cremer, D., &Euwema, M. (2013). Can a leader be seen as too ethical? The curvilinear effects of ethical leadership. Leadership Quarterly, 24(5), 680-695. https:// doi: 10.1016/j.leaqua.2013.05.002
Thomas, G., Martin, R., Epitropaki, O., Guillaume, Y., & Lee, A. (2013). Social cognition in leader-follower relationships: Applying insights from relationship science to understanding relationship-based approaches to leadership. Journal Of Organizational Behavior, 63-81. https://doi:10.1002/job.1889
Roloff, R. C. (2021). Millennials in the workforce: Developing a retention strategy. https://minds.wisconsin.edu/bitstream/handle/1793/81134/Roloff,%20Rachel.pdf?sequence=1
Thompson, C. & Gregory, J. (2012). Managing Millennials: A framework for improving attraction, motivation, and retention. Psychologist-Manager Journal, 15(4), 237-246. https:// doi:10.1080/10887156.2012.730444
Top, C., Abdullah, B. M. S., & Faraj, A. H. M. (2020). Transformational leadership impact on employee’s performance. Eurasian Journal of Management & Social Sciences, 1(1), 49-59. https://ejmss.tiu.edu.iq/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/Transformational-Leadership-Impact-on-Employees-Performance.pdf
Towler, A. (2019). The Qualities of Transformational Leaders and What Distinguishes them from Transactional Leaders. All Management Learning Resources
Trmal, S., UmmiSalwa Ahmad, B., & Mohamed, Z. (2015). The effect of transformational leadership in achieving high performance workforce that exceeds organizational expectation: A study from a global and Islamic perspective. Global Business & Management Research, 7(2), 88-94. Retrieved from http://www.gbmr.ioksp.com/
Vincent, J. (2015). Eight leadership mistakes to avoid in 2015. Podiatry Management, 34(3), 145-148. Retrieved from http://www.podiatrym.com/
Wang, D., Gan, C., Wu, C., & Wang, D. (2015). Ethical leadership and employee voice: Employee self-efficacy and self-impact as mediators. Psychological Reports, 116(3), 751-767.
Woods, C. (2021). Management by Exception: Definition, Principles, and Examples. Lesson Transcript.study.com
Yukl, G. (2013). Leadership in Organization. (8th ed.). State University of New York, Albany
Zhu, W., Zheng, X., Riggio, R. E., & Zhang, X. (2015). A critical review of theories and measures of ethics – related leadership. New Directions For Student Leadership, 2015(146), 81-96. https:// doi:10.1002/yd.20137N
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2022 Ivy Princess Manlapaz
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
