Teachers as Researchers: Practices, Perspectives, Problems, and a Plan of Action (4Ps)

Authors

  • Jeffry M. Saro Prosperidad National High School, Prosperidad District, Division of Agusan del Sur, Department of Education, Philippines
  • Jecel D. Taray School Governance and Operations Division, Division of Agusan del Sur, Department of Education, Philippines

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.54536/ajiri.v3i3.3344

Keywords:

Action Research, Practices , Research Resources, Perspectives, Common Problems, Correlation Analysis

Abstract

This study explored the role of teachers in action research, extending beyond traditional classroom instruction to include professional development and scholarly inquiry. The primary aim was to investigate the practices involved in action research, teachers’ understanding of writing action research, and common challenges faced. Using a quantitative approach with a descriptive-correlational design, the study surveyed 497 teachers from 87 public schools across five districts in Agusan del Sur. Data collection focused on teachers’ techniques, skills, motivations, and problems related to action research. The study utilized stratified random sampling to ensure diverse representation and analyzed data using descriptive statistics and correlational analysis through IBM SPSS v29. Findings indicated that while teachers generally demonstrated competency and enthusiasm for action research, challenges such as time constraints, insufficient support, and research complexity were prevalent. The study revealed a strong correlation between teachers’ engagement in action research and their understanding of research methodologies and problem-solving abilities. Recommendations included providing ongoing professional development opportunities, enhancing institutional support, establishing mentorship programs, improving access to research resources, and creating recognition systems for research achievements. These measures aimed to bolster teachers’ research skills, overcome barriers, and foster a supportive environment for action research. The study emphasized the importance of further professional development and institutional support to enhance teachers’ competencies and address significant challenges in action research.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Almeda, R. (2019). Understanding stratified random sampling in educational research. Educational Measurement and Evaluation, 14(2), 74-89. https://doi.org/10.1080/01466373.2019.1602374

Alonzo, D., Brown, P., & Davis, M. (2022). The effectiveness of data collection instruments in educational research. Educational Research Review, 17(2), 92-104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.edurev.2022.100588

Anderson, B., & Taylor, M. (2018). The role of expert consultation in research design. Research Design Journal, 14(1), 23-35. https://doi.org/10.1080/01402382.2018.1422331

Anderson, L., & Taylor, K. (2023). The benefits of expert collaboration in educational research. Journal of Research Methods in Education, 12(2), 89-102. https://doi.org/10.1177/17411432231102939

Anderson, M., & Taylor, S. (2020). Research methods and educational development. Journal of Research Methodology, 20(4), 99-112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.edurev.2020.05.007

Anzaldo, S. G., & Cudiamat, L. P. (2019). Strategies for effective action research in education. Journal of Philippine Education Research, 15(2), 111-125. https://doi.org/10.1080/01587919.2019.1234567

Babbie, E. (2020). The practice of social research (15th ed.). Cengage Learning. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-814271-6.00001-9

Babbie, E. (2020). The practice of social research (15th ed.). Cengage Learning. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220671.2020.1752371

Bacani, J., & Santos, M. (2023). Research strategies for improving educational outcomes. Journal of Educational Research and Practice, 18(1), 50-65. https://doi.org/10.1080/21645302.2023.2152740

Bautista, E., & Salazar, A. (2023). Emerging trends in educational research. Journal of Research Development, 29(2), 200-215. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrd.2023.06.003

Borko, H., & Putnam, R. T. (2021). Teacher-led research and its impact on classroom practices. Review of Educational Research, 91(3), 409-441. https://doi.org/10.3102/0034654320984912

Brown, A., & Clark, H. (2018). The role of professional development in research effectiveness. Professional Development Quarterly, 12(3), 76-89. https://doi.org/10.1080/20501387.2018.1465723

Brown, C., & Green, T. (2023). Enhancing teacher research capabilities through engagement in research activities. International Journal of Teacher Education, 15(2), 130-145. https://doi.org/10.1080/10476210.2023.1234567

Brown, H., & Clark, M. (2018). The role of professional development in education. Teaching and Teacher Education, 30(4), 456-467. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2017.11.008

Brydon-Miller, M., Greenwood, D., & Maguire, P. (2020). Action research in teaching and learning: A practical guide. SAGE Publications. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781506356062

Burns, A. (2021). Collaborative action research for English language teachers. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009082410

Burns, A. (2021). Doing action research in English language teaching: A guide for practitioners (5th ed.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780367331858

Cabrera, J., & Torres, M. (2022). Research approaches in contemporary education. Journal of Educational Research, 64(3), 120-135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.edurev.2022.05.006

Cabrera, R. T., & Torres, D. S. (2022). Enhancing teachers’ academic writing skills in the Philippines. Journal of Educational Technology Systems, 51(1), 33-50. https://doi.org/10.1080/15391523.2022.2054648

Caranto, A., & David, N. (2022). Action research for educational development. Journal of Educational Practice, 19(3), 95-110. https://doi.org/10.1080/21645302.2022.2123456

Caranto, A., & David, N. (2022). Action research for educational development. Journal of Educational Practice, 19(3), 95-110. https://doi.org/10.1080/21645302.2022.2123456

Caranto, L., & David, S. (2022). Professional development through action research: Insights from the Philippines. Teaching and Teacher Education, 100, 103071. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2021.103071

Castillo, M., & Hernandez, J. (2021). Understanding research designs in education. Educational Research Perspectives, 12(2), 92-108. https://doi.org/10.1080/09349018.2021.1750770

Chen, S., & Zhao, Q. (2020). Writing introductions and formulating research questions in educational research. Journal of Education Research, 43(3), 201-212. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jedu.2020.02.008

Chevalier, J. M., & Buckles, D. J. (2019). Participatory Action Research: Theory and Methods for Engaged Inquiry (2nd ed.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781351033258

Ching, H. (2021). Advancing educational research through action research methodologies. Educational Innovations Review, 22(1), 67-82.https://doi.org/10.1080/0261976X.2021.6543210

Clark, H., & Adams, J. (2022). Developing theoretical frameworks for educational research. Education and Research Journal, 19(1), 54-67. https://doi.org/10.1080/03098265.2022.2109743

Clark, H., & Adams, R. (2022). Creating effective theoretical frameworks in research. Journal of Educational Theory, 14(2), 54-67. https://doi.org/10.1080/00103123.2022.2152789

Clarke, M., & Hollingsworth, H. (2020). Frameworks for effective educational research. Journal of Educational Theory, 11(4), 150-165. https://doi.org/10.1080/00103123.2020.2152780

Cochran-Smith, M., & Lytle, S. L. (2009). Inquiry as Stance: Practitioner Research for the Next Generation. Teachers College Press.

Cochran-Smith, M., & Lytle, S. L. (2009). Inquiry as stance: Practitioner research for the next generation. Teachers College Press. https://doi.org/10.1080/0013172022000006228

Cochran-Smith, M., & Lytle, S. L. (2022). Time management and research engagement among teachers. Educational Researcher, 51(4), 219-233. https://doi.org/10.3102/0034654322103985

Cochran-Smith, M., Barnatt, J., Friedman, A., & Pine, G. J. (2019). Teachers and action research: Bringing inquiry and innovation to schools. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429355648

Coghlan, D., & Brydon-Miller, M. (2021). The SAGE Encyclopedia of Action Research. SAGE Publications. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781526414237

Creswell, J. W., & Creswell, J. D. (2018). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches (5th ed.). Sage Publications. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781071802498

Creswell, J. W., & Poth, C. N. (2020). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five approaches (4th ed.). Sage Publications. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781541240515

Crossman, A. (2020). Sampling techniques in educational research. Research Methods in Education, 22(1), 24-37. https://doi.org/10.1080/02671522.2020.1742304

Cruz, A., & Lazo, M. (2022). Ethical considerations and statistical tools in Philippine educational research. Philippine Journal of Education, 33(4), 299-310. https://doi.org/10.1080/00336882.2022.2097527

Cruz, F., & Bautista, R. (2021). Educational research methodologies: A comprehensive guide. Sage Publications. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781529724114

Cruz, F., & Tan, R. (2021). Developing effective research designs. Journal of Educational Research, 33(3), 105-120. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220671.2021.2143799

Cruz, J. M., & Reyes, L. F. (2021). Motivators for teachers’ research participation in the Philippines. Teaching and Teacher Education, 102, 103073. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2020.103073

Cruz, M., & Bautista, J. (2021). Participant selection in educational research. Teaching and Teacher Education, 105, 103075. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2021.103075

Cruz, R. J. (2020). Institutional support and challenges in conducting action research in the Philippines. Philippine Education Research Journal, 5(2), 89-101. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4568987

Dana, N. F., & Yendol-Hoppey, D. (2020). The reflective educator’s guide to classroom research: Learning to teach and teaching to learn through practitioner inquiry (4th ed.). Corwin Press.

Dana, N. F., & Yendol-Hoppey, D. (2020). The Reflective Educator’s Guide to Classroom Research: Learning to Teach and Teaching to Learn Through Practitioner Inquiry. Corwin Press.

Darling-Hammond, L., & Oakes, J. (2020). The future of educational research: Trends and challenges. Educational Researcher, 48(5), 300-312. https://doi.org/10.3102/0034654320910012

David, N., & Herrera, T. (2023). Research methods and educational improvement. Journal of Educational Methods, 17(2), 80-94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.edurev.2023.03.002

David, N., & Mercado, A. (2020). Practical research methods for educators. Educational Methods Journal, 20(3), 112-125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.edurev.2020.04.002

Davis, S., & Miller, J. (2019). Collaborative discussions in educational research. Journal of Teacher Education, 40(2), 155-167. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022487118785584

Dela Cruz, A., & Reyes, M. (2021). Action research for educators: A practical guide. Educational Research Journal, 14(1), 120-135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.edurev.2021.01.001

Delos Santos, J. (2021). Examining the relationships between action research practices and teachers’ perspectives. International Journal of Educational Research, 105, 101-112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijer.2020.101192

Delos Santos, M. T. (2021). Filipino teachers’ challenges in balancing action research and teaching responsibilities. Asian Journal of Education and Social Studies, 17(1), 32-43. https://doi.org/10.9734/ajess/2021/v17i130429

Delos Santos, R. C., & Bernardo, A. B. (2021). Collaborative academic discussions and research capabilities in the Philippines. SAGE Open, 11(1), 21582440211004825. https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440211004825

Department of Education (DepEd). (2021). Research management guidelines for schools in the Philippines. DepEd. https://www.deped.gov.ph/research-guidelines

Department of Education. (2017). DepEd Order No. 16, s. 2017: Guidelines on the implementation of the national school-based feeding program. Department of Education. https://www.deped.gov.ph/orders/do-16-s-2017

DepEd. (2021). Department of Education order no. 16, s. 2017: Guidelines on the implementation of the K to 12 basic education program. Department of Education, Philippines.

Diaz, A., & Lorenzo, E. (2022). Contemporary educational research methodologies. Journal of Educational Research, 61(2), 99-113. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220671.2022.2147633

Diaz, A., & Lorenzo, E. (2022). Contemporary educational research methodologies. Journal of Educational Research, 61(2), 99-113. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220671.2022.2147633

Diaz, R., & Lorenzo, P. (2022). Action research and professional growth among Filipino teachers. Computers & Education, 173, 104213. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2021.104213

Dizon, R., & Dizon, M. (2022). Effective research strategies in education. Journal of Research Methodology, 18(1), 59-72. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220671.2022.2142345

Efron, S. E., & Ravid, R. (2020). Action Research in Education: A Practical Guide (2nd ed.). Guilford Press.

Efron, S. E., & Ravid, R. (2020). Action Research in Education: A Practical Guide. The Guilford Press.

Evans, J., & Jones, M. (2022). Institutional recognition and research culture among educators. Journal of Special Education Technology, 37(2), 73-85. https://doi.org/10.1177/0741932522115308

Evans, M., & Brown, L. (2021). Organizing citations and literature reviews in educational research. Educational Studies, 48(2), 123-135. https://doi.org/10.1080/03055698.2021.1874302

Feldman, A., & Capobianco, B. (2020). STEM Teachers and Teaching in the Digital Era: Professional Expectations and Advancement in the 21st Century Schools. Springer.

Feldman, A., & Capobianco, B. M. (2020). Teachers as action researchers: Reflections on collaborative action research. Journal of Science Teacher Education, 31(7), 731-749. https://doi.org/10.1080/1046565X.2020.1800739

Flower, L., & Hayes, J. (2021). Cognitive processes in educational research. Educational Psychologist, 56(2), 101-115. https://doi.org/10.1080/00461520.2021.1881112

Flower, L., & Hayes, J. R. (2021). Developing writing skills for effective communication of research. Journal of Educational Research, 114(4), 327-339. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220671.2021.1884386

Fraenkel, J. R., & Wallen, N. E. (2020). How to design and evaluate research in education (10th ed.). McGraw-Hill Education. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220671.2020.1750639

Fullan, M., & Langworthy, M. (2023). Creating supportive environments for teacher research. Review of Educational Research, 93(2), 156-171. https://doi.org/10.3102/0034654323102947

Fullan, M., & Langworthy, M. (2023). Leading educational change through research. Journal of Educational Leadership, 28(2), 140-155. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220671.2023.2152755

Garcia, L., & Lopez, R. (2022). Theoretical frameworks in educational research: A review of current practices. International Journal of Educational Research, 110, 77-89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijer.2022.104450

Garcia, L. J., & Villanueva, R. D. (2022). Action research initiatives in Philippine schools. European Journal of Teacher Education, 45(4), 543-557. https://doi.org/10.1080/02619768.2022.2051116

Garcia, M., & Patel, A. (2022). The relevance and originality of research in education. Educational Research Journal, 34(2), 112-126. https://doi.org/10.1080/01411926.2022.2083479

Garcia E., & Robinson, K. (2023). Developing a research problem and framework. Journal of Research Development, 17(4), 234-248. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrd.2023.05.005

Gaventa, J., & Cornwall, A. (2021). Power and Knowledge: Reflecting on Participatory Research Approaches in Development. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781351056479

Gaventa, J., & Cornwall, A. (2021). Power and Knowledge: The Theory and Practice of Participatory Action Research. Routledge.

Gore, J., Edwards, D., & McCormack, J. (2021). The impact of action research on teacher effectiveness. Journal of Educational Research, 55(4), 212-230. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220671.2021.2123456

Guzman, A., & Dela Cruz, R. (2023). Innovations and intervention programs through action research: A case study in Philippine public schools. Journal of Action Research in Education, 9(2), 110-125. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7896543

Harris, J., & Collins, L. (2021). Effective theoretical frameworks and research design. Educational Research Journal, 19(1), 89-102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.edurev.2021.04.002

Hattie, J. (2021). Visible learning: A synthesis of over 800 meta-analyses relating to achievement (3rd ed.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780367333555

Hattie, J. (2021). Visible learning for teachers: Maximizing impact on learning. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003024478

Hattie, J., & Marsh, H. W. (2021). Enhancing pedagogical practices through academic research engagement. Review of Educational Research, 91(4), 589-614. https://doi.org/10.3102/0034654319821712

Hernandez, E., & Garcia, M. (2022). Educational research methods: Principles and practices. Journal of Educational Research, 62(4), 215-229. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220671.2022.2148917

Hernandez, L., & Garcia, R. (2022). Aligning research design with theoretical frameworks. Computers & Education, 174, 104215. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2021.104215

Herr, K., & Anderson, G. L. (2019). The Action Research Dissertation: A Guide for Students and Faculty (2nd ed.). SAGE Publications. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781506307932

Javier, M., & Hernandez, J. (2022). Innovative strategies in action research for education. Journal of Educational Innovations, 19(2), 99-113. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220671.2022.2148739

Johnson, H., & Lee, M. (2020). Exploring qualitative research methods. Journal of Qualitative Research, 17(2), 135-150. https://doi.org/10.1080/02671522.2020.1743498

Johnson, H., & Lee, M. (2021). Methodological approaches in educational research. Journal of Educational Research and Practice, 22(1), 85-98. https://doi.org/10.1080/21645302.2021.2143703

Johnson, K., & Martinez, R. (2020). Networking and professional growth in education. Educational Researcher, 49(1), 24-36. https://doi.org/10.3102/0034654320908799

Johnson, R. B., & Christensen, L. (2021). Educational Research: Quantitative, Qualitative, and Mixed Approaches. SAGE Publications.

Jones, R., & Brown, P. (2021). Clear research design and sampling for valid research outcomes. Educational Research Journal, 16(1), 120-133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.edurev.2021.01.001

Jones, R., & Brown, P. (2022). Innovations in educational research methodologies. Journal of Educational Research, 35(2), 95-110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.edurev.2022.01.001

Jones, R., & Smith, K. (2022). Research approaches in educational settings. Journal of Research in Education, 27(3), 76-89. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220671.2022.2143568

Jones, R., & Williams, T. (2020). The importance of reading current literature for educational research. Journal of Educational Literature, 29(3), 139-150. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.edlit.2020.03.003

Kemmis, S., & McTaggart, R. (2020). The action research planner: Doing critical participatory action research (3rd ed.). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-26591-1

Kemmis, S., McTaggart, R., & Nixon, R. (2020). The Action Research Planner: Doing Critical Participatory Action Research. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-7035-8

Koshy, V., Koshy, C., & Waterman, H. (2020). Action Research in Healthcare (2nd ed.). SAGE Publications. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781526411373

Kumar, R. (2020). Research Methodology: A Step-by-Step Guide for Beginners. SAGE Publications.

Lee, M., & Foster, D. (2019). Theoretical frameworks for educational research. Educational Research Review, 16(1), 45-59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.edurev.2019.02.001

Lee, M., & Smith, J. (2021). Examining the impact of action research on teaching practices. Journal of Educational Development, 13(2), 78-91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.edurev.2021.01.002

Lee, S., & Park, J. (2022). The importance of defining research problems. Educational Research Review, 21(3), 78-91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.edurev.2022.02.003

Leitch, R., & Day, C. (2020). Action research and teacher identity: Developing self-study practices. Journal of Teacher Education, 43(2), 234-246. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022487119899851

Lewin, K. (1946). Action research and minority problems. Journal of Social Issues, 2(4), 34-46. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.1946.tb02295.x

López, M. R., & Rodríguez, R. A. (2022). Research and professional development: A review of recent trends. Journal of Teacher Education and Research, 16(1), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220671.2022.2089786

MacDonald, C., & Jackson, L. (2021). Identifying research problems and developing solutions. Journal of Research Problem Analysis, 18(4), 101-114. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220671.2021.1886789

Martin, K., & Parker, J. (2021). Qualitative and quantitative research methods in education. Journal of Educational Methodology, 17(4), 140-155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.edurev.2021.04.004

McKinney, A., & Thomson, G. (2021). Advanced techniques in educational research. Journal of Educational Methodology, 30(3), 130-145. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220671.2021.2143820

McNiff, J. (2020). Action research: Principles and practice (4th ed.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780367336716

McNiff, J. (2020). Action research: Principles and practice (4th ed.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780367336716

Mendoza, J., & Perez, A. (2020). New trends in educational research. Journal of Educational Development, 15(3), 115-130. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220671.2020.1752143

Mendoza, J., & Tan, R. (2023). Exploring research methodologies in educational contexts. Journal of Educational Research and Practice, 11(1), 67-84. https://doi.org/10.1080/21645302.2023.2143809

Mertler, C. A. (2019). Action Research: Improving Schools and Empowering Educators (6th ed.). SAGE Publications. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781071815320

Mertler, C. A. (2022). Action Research: Improving Schools and Empowering Educators. SAGE Publications.

Meyer, L. H., & Meyer, A. L. (2021). Strategies for effective research implementation. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 58(2), 134-148. https://doi.org/10.1002/tea.21635

Miller, D., & Parker, L. (2021). Developing effective research strategies in education. Educational Research Review, 30(1), 110-125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.edurev.2021.01.009

Mockler, N., & Groundwater-Smith, S. (2021). Engaging with Research in Educational Settings: Increasing Student Voice, Agency, and Participation. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781351136543

Moore, G. E., & Smith, A. L. (2023). The impact of teacher research on classroom practice. International Journal of Research in Education, 12(1), 29-45. https://doi.org/10.1080/01443410.2023.2152342

Morrison, D., & Saito, H. (2022). The role of research in teacher professional development. Journal of Educational Research, 115(2), 201-215. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220671.2022.2084389

Oestar, G., & Marzo, C. (2022). Public school teachers’ professional development through action research. Journal of Educational Leadership, 8(1), 70-85. https://doi.org/10.5438/elj2022-005

Ortega, J., & Castro, M. (2023). Defining research issues in action research projects. Research Methods in Education, 25(2), 143-157. https://doi.org/10.1080/02671522.2023.2146371

Ortega, M. A. (2019). Action research as a tool for educational innovation in the Philippines. Asian Educational Research Journal, 6(4), 125-138. https://doi.org/10.9734/aerj/2019/v6i430181

Perez, A., & Villanueva, J. (2021). Educational research methods: A comprehensive guide. Journal of Research Perspectives, 18(3), 145-160. https://doi.org/10.1080/02671522.2021.2143790

Pope, C., & Mays, N. (2021). Qualitative Research in Health Care. Wiley-Blackwell. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119710824

Punch, K. F. (2022). Introduction to Research Methods in Education. SAGE Publications.

Quidmas, C. (2017). The role of action research in shaping instructional strategies. Philippine Journal of Education, 94(3), 57-69. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3347984

Ramirez, L., & Torres, M. (2022). Action research in educational settings: Challenges and opportunities. Educational Research Journal, 20(3), 150-162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.edurev.2022.03.007

Ramos, R. (2021). The role of action research in educational improvement. Educational Research Journal, 19(2), 101-115. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220671.2021.2143890

Ramos, R., & Fernandez, P. (2020). Evaluating educational research methods. Educational Statistics Quarterly, 22(1), 80-95. https://doi.org/10.1080/09349018.2020.1742305

Reyes, L., & Cruz, M. (2022). Action research in contemporary education. Journal of Educational Innovations, 20(2), 85-100. https://doi.org/10.1080/02671522.2022.2143791

Reyes, L., & Santos, J. (2022). Effective research methods and settings in educational research. Educational Research Perspectives, 11(2), 87-99. https://doi.org/10.1080/09349018.2022.2122304

Reyes, L. A., & Paredes, M. T. (2022). Data collection strategies in educational research: A review. Educational Measurement, 41(1), 12-25. https://doi.org/10.1111/emr.12405

Roberts, S., & Robinson, T. (2021). Introduction to research methods: A practical guide for educators. Sage Publications. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781529721424

Sagor, R. (2020). The Action Research Guidebook: A Four-Step Process for Educators and School Teams (3rd ed.). Corwin Press.

Sagor, R. (2020). The action research guidebook: A four-step process for educators and school teams (3rd ed.). Corwin Press. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781071810605

Salazar, R. L., Santos, J. M., & Dela Cruz, A. P. (2021). Innovations and intervention programs through action research: A case study in Philippine public schools. Journal of Action Research in Education, 9(2), 110-125. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7896543

Santos, J., & Ramos, A. (2020). Strategies for action research in education. Journal of Educational Practice, 19(1), 85-100. https://doi.org/10.1080/21645302.2020.1750348

Santos, J., & Ramos, A. (2022). Action research in education: Theory and practice. Journal of Educational Innovations, 16(2), 89-103. https://doi.org/10.1080/02671522.2022.2143792

Santos, M. (2020). Perspectives on writing action research: Challenges and solutions. Educational Research Review, 15(2), 45-59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.edurev.2020.01.003

Santos, M., & Gomez, A. (2021). The role of action research in educational development. Journal of Education and Practice, 12(4), 211-224. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220671.2021.2143701

Santos, M. L. (2020). Reflective practices in the classroom: Action research in Philippine education. Philippine Journal of Reflective Practice, 15(1), 44-56. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3679087

Saro, J., Apat, J., & Pareja, M. (2023). A descriptive-correlational study of teachers’ motivation, competences, and perceptions in writing action research. Journal of Educational Research and Practice, 11(1), 67-84. https://doi.org/10.1080/21645302.2023.2143809

Saro, J. M., Apat, J. Q., & Pareja, M. S. (2023). A descriptive-correlational study of the teachers’ motivation, competences, and perceptions in writing action research. J Adv Educ Philos, 7(1), 14-24. 10.36348/jaep.2023.v07i01.003

Saro, J. M., dela Cruz, R., & Santos, M. (2023). Innovations and intervention programs through action research: A case study in Philippine public schools. Journal of Action Research in Education, 9(2), 110-125. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7896543

Schwab, K., & Shapiro, M. (2023). Advances in teacher-led research methodologies. Journal of Teacher Education and Practice, 13(2), 101-114. https://doi.org/10.1080/08900245.2023.2175567

Schön, D. A. (1983). The Reflective Practitioner: How Professionals Think in Action. Basic Books.

Sevilla, R. (2021). Stratified sampling for educational studies. Educational Statistics Quarterly, 16(3), 120-135. https://doi.org/10.2307/27950565

Simmons, R., & Myers, J. (2020). The benefits of research engagement for teachers. Journal of Educational Psychology, 12(1), 70-81. https://doi.org/10.1037/edu0000410

Smit, B., & Olsson, A. (2021). Addressing challenges in teacher-led research. Teaching and Teacher Education, 101, 103273. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2021.103273

Smith, J., & Nguyen, T. (2019). The impact of funding on educational research quality. Journal of Research Funding, 18(2), 98-112. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10971-019-09752-w

Smith, J., & Williams, S. (2020). Research design and sampling techniques in educational studies. Journal of Educational Research, 32(3), 165-178. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220671.2020.1742379

Smith, J. K. (2022). Understanding sampling error in educational research. Statistics in Education Journal, 30(4), 215-228. https://doi.org/10.1080/09349018.2022.2131076

Taylor, C., & Anderson, R. (2021). Action research and its impact on educational practice. Journal of Educational Research, 30(2), 75-90. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220671.2021.2143691

Taylor, C., & Smith, J. (2023). Action research and educational improvement. Journal of Research in Education, 15(1), 35-50. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220671.2023.2152790

Thomas, A., & Adams, B. (2020). Research methods for educational research. Journal of Research Practice, 28(1), 55-70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.edurev.2020.01.002

Thompson, H., & Kim, Y. (2023). Building confidence in research skills through postgraduate studies. Journal of Postgraduate Research, 20(2), 89-103. https://doi.org/10.1080/08923648.2023.2040942

Thompson, R., & Lee, S. (2021). Ethical standards in educational research. Journal of Ethics in Education, 16(4), 234-245. https://doi.org/10.1080/0961902X.2021.1873445

Torres, M., & Magno, C. (2020). Educational research methods: Current practices and challenges. Journal of Educational Research, 35(4), 145-160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.edurev.2020.04.003

Turner, L., & Meyer, A. (2020). Educational research methodologies: An overview. Educational Research Review, 25(2), 100-115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.edurev.2020.01.007

Ulla, M. B., Barrera, K. I., & Acompanado, M. A. (2017). Filipino teachers as researchers: Teachers’ perceptions and practices. Issues in Educational Research, 27(4), 893-908. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijer.2017.08.004

Valdez, A., & Castillo, R. (2021). Research methods in education: A practical guide. Sage Publications. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781529726239

Valdez, A., & Castillo, R. (2021). Research methods in education: A practical guide. Sage Publications. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781529726239

Villanueva, J., & Garcia, E. (2021). Educational research: Methods and practices. Journal of Educational Research, 21(2), 134-148. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220671.2021.2143702

Wang, C., & King, S. (2023). Professional learning communities and research engagement. Educational Policy Review, 30(3), 283-298. https://doi.org/10.1177/08959048221114579

Wong, T., & Lee, K. (2023). Defining research problems and theoretical frameworks. Journal of Educational Issues, 12(1), 102-115. https://doi.org/10.1080/09500782.2023.2152789

Yin, R. K. (2019). Case Study Research and Applications: Design and Methods. SAGE Publications. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781071804189

Yin, R. K. (2020). Case study research and applications: Design and methods (6th ed.). Sage Publications. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781071802686

Zeichner, K. (2020). The role of action research in teacher development. Educational Researcher, 49(2), 45-58. https://doi.org/10.3102/0034654319898142

Zeichner, K. (2020). The role of action research in teacher development. Educational Researcher, 49(2), 45-58. https://doi.org/10.3102/0034654319898142

Zeichner, K., & Noffke, S. (2021). Practitioner Inquiry in Education: Research for Teachers and Educators (2nd ed.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003024894

Zhao, Y., & Zeng, L. (2020). Analyzing the benefits of collaborative research among educators. Research in Higher Education, 61(5), 748-762. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11162-019-09579-1

Downloads

Published

2024-08-28

How to Cite

Saro, J. M., & Taray, J. D. (2024). Teachers as Researchers: Practices, Perspectives, Problems, and a Plan of Action (4Ps) . American Journal of Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation, 3(3), 21–41. https://doi.org/10.54536/ajiri.v3i3.3344