Macro-Chemical Bonding as an Alternative Binding System: Beyond Asphalt and Conventional Cement
Keywords:
Alternative Binders, Crystalline Admixtures, C–S–H, C–A–S–H; N–A–S–H, Macro-Chemical Bonding, Pozzolanic FeedstockAbstract
Traditional road construction depends on asphalt as a physical binder and ordinary Portland cement (OPC) as a chemical binder forming calcium–silicate–hydrate (C–S–H) gels. Yet the exploration of macro-chemical bonding as a distinct binding paradigm remains limited. This framework establishes Macro-Chemical Bonding as a new research paradigm and intellectual school within construction material science. This study theorizes a new scientific framework that re-examines binding mechanisms beyond asphalt and cement by focusing on chemical glues capable of generating robust gel and crystalline networks at the macro scale. Beyond conventional systems, the review also examines non-traditional chemical glues- calcium sulfoaluminate/aluminate, magnesium-phosphate, phosphate-bonded, carbonation-bonded, and bio-mineral (MICP) systems - that form rapid crystalline or biomineral networks with lower CO₂ footprints and niche suitability for hot-arid environments. All chemically bonded systems are organized into five mechanistic categories forming a unified macro-chemical bonding spectrum: (1) cement hydration forming C–S–H gels as the baseline glue; (2) lime/slag systems forming C–A–S–H; (3) alkali-activated binders forming N–A–S–H; (4) crystalline or nano-engineered enhancers that densify or self-seal gel networks; and (5) pozzolanic feedstock supplying reactive Si and Al as precursors. This five-fold framework defines the chemical continuum from conventional cement to next-generation macro-chemical glues. Recent literature confirms the high technical potential of these systems but also highlights institutional gaps: despite their strength, durability, and sustainability, alkali-activated and geopolymeric binders remain hindered by the absence of harmonized standards particularly in hot-arid regions where asphalt still dominates. The study argues that barriers are regulatory and investment-based rather than scientific. The conclusion raises an open question: if cement hydration already demonstrates chemical bonding at the macro scale, what other activated materials could evolve into a resilient, standardized macro-chemical bonding system for future pavements?
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