Web Mapping for Nigeria Covid-19 Testing and Vaccination Site Finder Application

This study aimed to describe the development and implementation of COVID-19 vaccine and testing center’s location finder portal for Nigeria. Names, locations, coordinates, pictures and other relevant information related to the health centers were obtained from the NCDC and the NPHDA. The data was used to create a database which was used to connected to the Google API. The portal contains sections like Nearest Centers, Vaccination Centers, Test ing Centers, All Centers, FAQ, Survey and COVID News. The objective of the study is to improve access to COVID-19 testing site, enhance access to COVID-19 vaccination centers across the country and educate Nigerians about COVID-19. The research suggest the active participation of religious and community leaders would improve access and willingness of their subjects to be vaccinated


INTRODUCTION
Coronavirus Disease  is induced by the acute respiratory syndrome virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) (WHO, 2020). The occurrence of the novel Coronavirus disease  in Wuhan, China, in December 2019 signaled a change in the global state of affairs (WHO, 2021). These required a shift away from traditional personal gatherings and hygiene practices and toward social distancing and routine hygiene practices (WHO, 2021;Ilesanmi and Afolabi, 2020a Globally, 532,218,120 COVID-19 cases and 6,312,135 COVID-19 deaths had been recorded as of May 31, 2022. The African continent estimated to account for 1.60 % (8,539,262) of cases and 2.72 % (171,598) of deaths worldwide (Worldometer, 2022). As of May 31, 2022, 256,028 cases (<1% of worldwide COVID-19 cases) and 3,143 deaths (<1% of global COVID-19 deaths) had been recorded in Nigeria (Worldometer, 2022). The advancement of information technology has resulted in the emergence of new trends in the real implementation of cartography (Lisitskiy, 2013(Lisitskiy, , 2014Kameswara, 2015;Bharathi, 2014). In the last two decades, a new phase in mapping has surfaced (McQuire, 2019). Mobile mapping and web mapping are the most popular methods of cartography development, according to them. Both directions are very popular and continuing to develop, as a result of technological advancement in wireless communication methods, web-technologies, and mobile devices (Kikin, 2014;Mitchel, 2005;Shashidhar, 2014;Michael, 2003;Hemalatha, 2015;Kraak, 2001). Nigeria had more than 109.2 million mobile internet users as of January 2022, the highest number reported in Africa. Meanwhile, Egypt ranked second with over 75.66 million internet users, followed by South Africa with approximately 41.19 million . Moreover, at the commencement of 2022, Nigeria's internet penetration stood at 51.0%. According to Kepios, internet users in Nigeria increased by 4.8 million (+4.6 percent) between 2021 and 2022. (Datareportal, 2022). Furthermore, public health campaigns, contact tracing and testing activities are being used to boost case management by detecting COVID-19 cases as quickly as possible (Ilesanmi and Afolabi, 2020b). Testing is an important step in the submergence of COVID-19 (Ilesanmi and Afolabi, 2020c). As a result of the evolving community wide transmission of COVID-19 in Nigeria, increased community testing capacity are required. Testing activities have begun in Nigerian communities, but they have been met with a slew of misconceptions and falsehoods (Ilesanmi and Afolabi, 2020d). COVID-19 is now easily and sustainably spreading in the Nigerian community (Chan, et al., 2019;Chen, et al., 2020). Similarly, Vaccines have been an effective prevention and treatment measure for decades (WHO, 2020a). According to the BBC (2020), maps have the potential to "go viral" on the Internet, a map depicting international air traffic resurfaced after being removed from its original context, Various news outlets ran headlines like 'New map exposes no nation safe from coronavirus tentacles' and 'Terrifying map uncovers how thousands of Wuhan travelers might have spread coronavirus to 400 cities across the world'. Therefore, there is need for the development of an easy and genuine source of Covid-19 news and update. In addition, accessibility to testing and sampling collection centers is very significant in order to get more people vaccinated and tested effectively to mitigate the widespread of the virus. The portal and app created will aid in the long run support the government's policies in terms of providing vital information regarding the location and address of the nearest center to the citizenry wherever they are in Nigeria. As a result, the purpose of this research was to describe the steps followed to create this site containing all the sampling collection sites and testing centers of the COVID-19 vaccine in in Nigeria https://journals.e-palli.com/home/index.php/ajmri Am. J. Multidis. Res. Innov. 1(3) 43-51, 2022

LITERATURE REVIEW
Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) is a viral disease that is causing widespread concern in the global public health community. Coronavirus (COV) is a major highly contagious pathogen that attacks the human respiratory system. Coronavirus transmission occurs primarily through direct contact or when an infected patient coughs, sneezes or droplets spread (Chan, et al., 2020). Nigeria, as Africa's most populated nation and the sixth most populous country in the world plays a critical role in international response. Nigeria's epidemic response is being conducted within a setting of an established health-care system that is frail and under-resourced, which is further characterized by security, political, social and economic, problems across the nation. Nonetheless, dealing with epidemics is nothing new in Nigeria. The Ebola in 2014 outbreak alerted the health system, government, and towns and cities to the dangers of highly communicable diseases like COVID-19 and the need for swift, prevention measures (Shuaib, 2014). Furthermore, the establishment of a stronger Nigeria Centre for Disease Control (NCDC) has improved the country's diagnosis, treatment and surveillance ability and improves the health care intervention to the emergence of COVID-19 in Nigeria through May 2020. The Federal Ministry of Health validated the first COVID-19 case in Ogun State, Nigeria, on 27th February, 2020, positioning Nigeria as the third country in Africa to acknowledge an imported COVID-19 case after Egypt and Algeria. The index case involved the Italian national who flew to Lagos from Milan, Italy on February 24, 2020, and then decided to drive to his company's location in Ogun State same day. He displayed to the company clinic on February 26, 2020 with signs similar with COVID-19 and was referred to the Infectious Disease Hospital (IDH) in Lagos, where a COVID-19 diagnosis was carried out and validated by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) on February 27, 2020. A total of 216 interactions in Ogun and Lagos States were recognized for a two weeks' follow-up, including the passengers on the February 24 flight, with around 40 of these contacts discovered as high-risk. Two weeks later, an asymptomatic contact of the index case in Ogun State was identified as the country's second COVID-19 case. Since then, Nigeria's COVID-19 epidemiology has evolved, with cases identified in all of the nation's states as well as the Federal Capital Territory (FCT). It was acknowledged that Lagos State was the epicenter of the outbreak at first, the FCT and Rivers State have recently joined Lagos State as high-burden states, accounting for 56.58 percent of total cases of COVID-19 in Nigeria by the end of May 2022. According to the Nigerian center for Disease control, the states with highest number of cases as at 31 Lagos, 99,483, FCT 28,674 and Rivers state 16,696 (NCDC, 2022). Males seem to be disproportionately affected, taking account for 67.7% of confirmed cases (6,882). A cumulative of 287 deaths have been reported among the proven COVID-19 cases, yielding an identified case fatality ratio (CFR) of about 2.8 percent (NCDC, 2020). The federal government said on 31st May, 2022 that only a total of 18,291,072 Nigerians, representing 16.4% of Nigeria's eligible population, have so far been fully vaccinated against COVID-19 . Although mobile apps are successfully used for managing chronic diseases (Triantafyllidis et al, 2019), welldesigned information systems for collecting, managing, and analyzing data in real-time should be considered when implementing Covid-19 contact tracing (WHO, 2020b). According to Kodali et al. (2020), the majority of users were positive about the Arogya Setu app due to its usefulness and acceptance. Users also expressed a desire for the app to include additional features such as geolocation tracking, timely COVID19 updates and information on red-orange-green zones. Nwawudu et al., (2020) in their research proposed a system which will have five elements in its architectural design. The five architectural elements are: Short Message Service (SMS)-based communications to and from the server via the mobile phones, telephone audio computer-assisted personal interviewing, voice messages, remote access to the database from any Internet-connected computer, and the central database and Web server. Timmers et al., (2020) successfully implemented and designed a COVID-19 app for individuals, complete with an interactive map displaying data collected via the app. The study successfully demonstrated implementation and use of an app that included COVID-19 education, self-assessment, and a 7-day symptom diary. Generally speaking, app users were pleased with the information provided by the app and valued its functionality. Medina et al. (2020) created an app that integrates a self-monitoring app for patient engagement, tracks symptoms for early detection, and facilitates a comprehensive view of treatment for people with COVID-19. As a COVID-19 counter-cluster measure, Yamamoto et al. (2020) created a health observation app embedded with personal health records. The app significantly reduced the follow-up burden for people who had close contact with proven COVID-19 cases. To our best knowledge, no similar study has been conducted and published in the study area.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
Types and sources of data The table below shows the type and sources of data needed for the study.

Requirements Analysis and Specification Specification Requirements
The requirements of any project must be well-considered, structured, and comprehensible. If there is one thing that every project must have in order to avoid failure, it is a reasonable and detailed collection of both the functional and non-functional requirements. Non-functional requirements explain how the system works, whereas functional requirements specify whatever the system should do (Duyne, Hong and Landay, 2018).

Requirements Analysis and Specification Specification Requirements
The requirements of any project must be well-considered, structured, and comprehensible. If there is one thing that every project must have in order to avoid failure, it is a reasonable and detailed collection of both the functional and non-functional requirements. Non-functional requirements explain how the system works, whereas functional requirements specify whatever the system should do (Duyne, Hong and Landay, 2018).

Functional Requirements
The functional requirements illustrate the system's specific functions. Pertaining to the Software, the system is able to: 1. Add admin (admin that can manipulate the admin dashboard) and ascribe them different levels of authority.
2. Validate admin login details and ensure access to information according to the user's level.
3. Store and retrieve information about covid-19 testing, and vaccination centers.
4. Carry out search functions based on some established criteria.

Non-Functional Requirements
Non-functional requirements are those that have an impact on the computer as a whole. They are the requirements that are unrelated to the system's functions (Aurum & Wohlin, 2017). Non-functional requirements address system quality issues in specific software and describe various attributes in that system. Nonfunctional requirements include security, and system reliability, accuracy, usability and performance (Li & Tsai, 2020). Non-functional requirements, on the other hand, are constraints on the system's functions, such as "timing constraints, development process constraints, and standards" (Summerville, 2017). Non-functional requirements are associated with performance, which determines how the system will operate (Wysocki, 2017).
The Nigeria Covid-19 Testing and vaccination site finder (Test&Vax9ja) has the following non-functional requirements: i. Performance: The Test&Vax9ja requires a high level of performance. The user can see how the system performs in terms of "response time," "throughput," and "concurrency." Concurrency refers to how many users can access the system at the same time. How many requests can the system accommodate? How quickly the system could handle individual requests.
ii. Security: A significant non-functional requirement is security. Nobody wants to use a system that isn't secure. The requirement for security also aids in the security of survey data collected by users.
iii. Reliability: Reliability is an important non-functional requirement that informs the user about the system's dependability in terms of both workload and operation. The system should be available at all times so that users can easily access it.
iv. Maintainability: The system is both simple to maintain and simple to update.
v. Simplicity: The system is very easy and simple, with a beautiful interface arrangement that enables users to interact with it quickly.

System Requirement
The requirements that are used for this software system are itemized below as: I. The system contain three sections as listed below: a. Front-end: it's the user interface, that contains all the interface design, modules and Graphical user interface for easy access and interaction.
b. Back-end: consist of server, application and databases that work in the background to provide users with information.
c. Admin panel: it's a section controlled by admin, which is used for manipulation of software's data. Such as Adding or deleting centers, editing center. etc. II. The system provide menu where user can click and view Testing or vaccination centers and their information (including name, phone no, email address, contact address, image, location of the center on map, among others). III. The system provides a menu that contains the nearest centers in proximity to a user's location. The system is able to detect user's location hence calculate the distance between the user's location and centers coordinate to provide the user with the covid-19 testing and vaccination centers that are close (nearest) to the user's location. IV. The system provides a menu where user can view Global Covid-19 news, statistics and update V. The system also provides users with frequently asked questions with their answers. VI. The system also provides an interface for user survey in order to integrate the platform VII. The system allow user to search for centers based on some specified criteria (such as by state, local government, ward etc.)

Software Design
The software includes all of the software platforms required for system operation and interaction. The figure below depicts a block diagram of the system's software. Administrator Dashboard It is a section used for data manipulation in software. For example, adding or deleting centers, editing centers, and so on. It includes the fundamental CRUD (Create, Read, Update, and Delete) features for monitoring and managing data centers. It connects to the server in order to access the data stored in the database. The administrator dashboard has a login page, as shown below, to prevent unauthorized access. The login will require the administrator's email and password for verification and will validate it against the database values. If verification is successful, access to the dashboard will be allowed; otherwise, restricting access. The admin dashboard operation flowchart is shown below.

Web Server
The software that provides Web pages to the rest of the world is known as a Web server. When a URL is entered into a Web browser, a message is sent to the Web server at that URL, requesting that an HTML file be sent. In response, the Web server sends the requested file. The HTML file is read by the browser, and the Web page is displayed. The server is built on a REST API architecture. REST is stateless in the sense that the server does not store data; instead, it defines specific protocols for how data in the database can be stored, accessed, modified, or removed.

Database Design
Any good database design should strive to eliminate or, at the very least, reduce redundant information (Dennis, Roth & Wixom, 2018). MySQL has been chosen as the database for the Nigeria Covid-19 Testing and Vaccination site finder. Overview of Tools and Languages Used Web Server The Web server is software that distributes Web pages to people all over the world. When a URL is entered into a Web browser, a message is sent to the Web server at that URL, requesting that an HTML file be sent. The requested file is sent by the Web server in response. The HTML file is read by the browser, and the Web page is displayed (Leierer, 2017). Database Server MYSQL server is used as a database server in this context. Although it is an open source database, it has proven to be as stable and robust as most proprietary software like oracle and SQL server (Leierer, 2017).

XAMPP Server
It's an all in one package for windows (Windows, Apache, MySQL and PHP) to be used as server and also to run PHP/MYSQL codes (Leierer, 2017). API: • Google Maps API: is a set of application programming interfaces that allow us to communicate with its services. It will enable us to create simple to advanced locationhttps://journals.e-palli.com/home/index.php/ajmri Am. J. Multidis. Res. Innov. 1(3) 43-51, 2022 • Geolocation API returns a position and accuracy radius dependent on the cell tower and Wi-Fi node information detected by the mobile client. Geolocation API was used in order to detect the precise user location.
• Maps JavaScript API Maps can be customized with your own content and imagery to be displayed on web pages or mobile devices. The Maps JavaScript API includes four basic map types (hybrid, roadmap terrain and satellite) that can be specially designed with layers and styles, controls and events, and a variety of services and libraries. The Maps JavaScript API helps us in order to calculate the distance between the user's location and centers coordinates hence filter and provide the user with the covid-19 testing and vaccination centers that are close (nearest) to the user's location.
• Directions API: This is a web service that responds to HTTP requests with JSON or XML-formatted directions between two positions. We can calculate directions between locations using the Directions API. Software Languages used The software was developed using combinations of languages. such as: • Html for web page's structure and its contents.
• Php version 7.4 for creating dynamic web pages that can interact with data base.
• Css for styling the web page • JSON for clear transmission of data from web server to the software and vice versa

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
This section contains the result obtained from the study.

Admin Section
The Admin section is a section that is accessible by only admin to manipulate site's content. Normal users are not allowed to access this panel.
Login Page: this is a page that provides access to the admin dashboard. It requires user identification and authentication before access is granted. Entering the correct email(username) and password will allow access to the following menus: > Add center: where Admin can add new Testing or vaccination centers. And through the Add center button, admin can edit (update) or delete center.
> Add survey question: this Is a menu that allow admin

User Section
The system design to meet the above requirements (3.2.1.2) is illustrated in the system block diagram shown below:

Figure 8: User Section Source: Authors, 2022
A user section (client-side or frontend) is what the user can see and interact with in the site. It encompasses everything the user directly experiences from navigation menus, images, buttons to colors, text and so on. Users have access to the following menus: > Home: This is the home page. It is the first page you come across when you enter the portal. The page address is https://vaccinefinder.com.ng/index. > Nearest Center: where user can be able to see the available nearest centers on map in proximity to the user location.
> Vaccination centers: contains all the vaccination centers and their information. Also a search box is provided in order to search for a vaccination center base on state, ward, LGA amongst others > Testing Centers: contains all the Testing centers and their information. A user can search for a Testing center base on state, ward, LGA amongst others > All centers: it's a page that contains all the Testing and Vaccination centers and allow filtration for easy access.
> Covid-19 News/Updates: provide the updated national and international covid-19 news including https://journals.e-palli.com/home/index.php/ajmri Am. J. Multidis. Res. Innov. 1(3) 43-51, 2022 Below is the list all the centres as shown upon the Google earth API which shows their spatial distribution across Nigeria The above image depicts the interface which allows the user to type any name which could be centre name, local government or state which will enable the system to display all the centres carrying the requested information.
The above page shows the Nigeria Covid-19 Figures which includes total samples tested, total confirmed When are user click nearest centre, the Directions API let the Portal to calculate directions and distance between the user's location and centre's coordinates to display the centre nearest to the user.

CONCLUSIONS
The research demonstrated successful implementation of the ability to determine the closest health care facility closest to the user in order to ease and increase testing and vaccination of Nigerians. It is necessary to organize community awareness -raising activities about the importance of contact tracing. Such sensitization activities could take place in the markets, car dealerships, and underdeveloped communities. Similarly, active civic engagement of the opinions of community and religious leaders would improve people's participation in COVID-19 testing and vaccination.
Interventions to increase eagerness for COVID-19 testing and vaccination should be targeted at wealthy individuals. These could include taking COVID-19 tests to places where the wealthy congregate, such as evening clubs.
Individuals with lower educational attainment should be targeted to increase their willingness to disclose contacts. Besides that, The Portal was developed successfully and met its requirements, but it requires additional testing to increase stability, particularly the user tracking feature. By editing the maps at open street maps, the application can be implemented in any specific nation or region. More research can be done to shift the map server to a server specified by the client. We hope that our findings will help increase the rate of testing and vaccination in order to prevent COVID-19 infections and other large-scale infectious diseases around the entire globe.