Adaptation and Performance Evaluation Closed Drum Type Carbonizer for Waste Biomass

ABSTRACT


INTRODUCTION
For forestry enterprises, the development of bioenergy offers a singular chance to expand their steady revenue streams. By converting ores into metals through a process called carbonization, people were able to create charcoal, the first biofuel that helped them escape the Stone Age (Basu, P.,2006). Charcoal is utilized as a premium solid fuel worldwide for domestic cooking, metal refining, and chemical manufacture. Additionally, the market is well defined, the technology is well known but still presents opportunities for advancements (in terms of efficiency, costs, and environmental impacts), the technology does not present a significant risk, the investment is well suited for small farmers, and the process and technology provide a great opportunity for the development of small-scale and local supply chains. Making charcoal offers favorable preconditions for effective biomass-based systems in the forestry industry [Basu, P. 2006, Reithmuller, G., andCollins, M., 2009). By converting ores into metals through a process called carbonization, people were able to create charcoal, the first biofuel that helped them escape the Stone Age. In addition to being Utilized as a premium solid fuel for domestic cooking, metal refining, and chemical manufacturing, charcoal has evolved with industrialization to become the most valuable reducing agent for the metallurgic industry (Borines et al., 2011). Small-scale farmers, common in Southern Europe countries, are typically not set up to deal with problems like grid connection and authorizations, emission regulation and compliance, administration, and operation of biomass power generation systems, etc. Additionally, due to their frequently limited financial resources, most of them find it difficult to invest in bioenergy plants or offer financial guarantees in order to obtain a loan, which poses a major obstacle to the widespread adoption of these systems. Last but not least, the only way that bioenergy production can be financially viable is if the State or the Region provides financial incentives. This fact breeds uncertainty among investors and increases the risk of financing because any change in the regulatory environment could have a negative impact on the entire enterprise. Investments in stationary decentralized biomass-based systems face this pertinent challenge. The current study in this context concentrated on charcoal production as a potential substitute for biopower generation for forestry farms (Borines et al., 2011a, Borines et al., 2011b. There are numerous kinds of carbonization equipment that have been created, but the majority of them were made for large capacities, and some of them also had poor performance. Particularly portable metal kilns or carbonization, which is more efficient, environmentally friendly, and can be used to feed various types of biomasses or agricultural refuse (rather than just one type of biomass exclusively). A portable venture drum-type kiln with a maximum capacity of 12.45 kg of coconut shells has been developed to enhance kiln performance (Virgilio et al., 2015, Nakorn et al., 2018. With the heat generated during combustion available as an additional source of energy to partly replace the currently used kerosene and firewood, the carbonizer allows waste heat extraction using exchangers or micro boilers. While population growth and current practices (such as using kerosene and firewood from unmanaged forests) are the main causes of illegal deforestation, this additional energy source from using agricultural waste in carbonizer can play a critical role in protecting the forests in rural areas. By reducing the need for firewood and preventing deforestation, the adaptation of carbonizer can increase carbon sequestration. Using biochar for fertilizer further reduces net emissions in the area by storing carbon in the soil (Virgilio et al, 2015, Gutu Birhanu andDuresa Tesfaye, 2021).The current utilization strategy of burning agricultural byproducts to recover heat is considered inefficient and bad due to the low heating value and issue with air emissions. Agricultural residues are typically made of low-density materials and have poor heating values. Apart from these, their combustion cannot be readily maintained or controlled effectively for the intended use. Therefore, turning it into a more valuable energy supply is a recurring problem.

MATERIALS AND METHODS Materials
The materials used in the test included stopwatch, spring balance, sack, waste biomass of sawdust and coffee husk, anemometer, thermometer, Digital moisture, hygrometer, infrared thermometer, and digital multi-meter.

Assessment of Existing Carbonizer
After different carbonizer were gathered from various locations and fully analyzed regarding their technical and financial limitations. The following carbonizer designs and kinds were evaluated in order to choose the best Figure 1: a) BAECR corncob-type Carbonizer, b) JAERC Closed drum-type carbonizer carbonizer for waste sawdust and coffee husks: pyrolysis of wood JAERC's drum-style carbonizer and BAECR's corncob-style carbonizer.

Manufacturing of Carbonizer
Based on a prepared design standard, the residual carbonizer for waste biomass was manufactured first. The part was improved, and the process proceeded as follows. As a result, a 620 mm diameter drum body was made from sheet metal that was pressed to a thickness of 1.5 mm. The exhaust chimney and coal tar box were made from sheet metal and assembled individually. The carbonizer is a cylindrically shaped reactor that was created to provide efficient carbonization in an atmosphere with little oxygen. It was constructed using the aforementioned materials, with a drum that was 620 mm in circumference and 2100 mm tall. The upper opening of the drum was covered by a suitable metal plate, which was used to fire feedstocks. Finally, the entire unit was put together to create the full waste biomass carbonization apparatus and was ready for experimental testing. Only 42 kg of raw waste biomass per lot could fit in the waste biomass carbonizing drum.

Biomass Preparation
We gathered the necessary raw coffee husk and sawdust from our center, which is considered to waste, from the fields of private investors and well-known farmers. The collected feedstocks were sorted out to guarantee a successful carbonization process and placed over the sun to reduce the moisture content of waste biomass. To provide more surfaces or contact areas for the carbonization activity, sawdust residues, in particular, were classified based on their different sizes.

Performance Evaluation of the Carbonizer
Whether a system is used for conversion or transportation, its efficiency determines how well it can carry out its duties. Additionally, it contrasts a system's real performance with the best or most ideal performance it is capable of. Calculating combustion helps determine how effective a carbonization procedure is. Before and after the procedure, various parameters were collected. The values of these parameters were then used to measure the performance of the carbonizer. Some parameters that will be obtained or measured before and after the operation are moisture content, the material's initial weight, the charcoal recovered, and weight of the container. Other values, like the weight of the volatile matter, will be obtained from computations. These data are needed in order to compute the actual and maximum recovery of the system. Percent actual recovery, R actual represents the actual weight of charcoal produced over the initial weight of the sample expressed in percentage, while percent maximum recovery, R max shows the maximum weight of carbonized that can be recovered over the initial weight of the sample expressed in percentage. The weight of fixed carbon and ash present in the sample, which can be calculated by deducting the weight of water and volatile matter from the original weight of the sample, together make up the maximum weight of carbonized material that can be recovered (Virgilio et al., 2015). Eqs (1), (2), and (3) show the equations for actual recovery, maximum recovery, and efficiency, respectively. R actual = (W carbonized /W initial ) × 100% (1 ) where: R actual is the actual recovery of the system (%), W carbonized is the weight of charcoal recovered (kg) and W initial is the initial weight of samples (kg) R maximum = ((W initial -W m -W vm ))/W initial 100% (2 ) where: R max is the maximum recovery of the system (%), W initial is the initial weight of wet samples (kg), W vm is the weight of the volatile matter (kg) and W m is the weight of water in the sample (kg) E system = (R actual / Rmax ) * 1000 (3) where: E system is the system efficiency (%), R actual is the actual recovery of the system (%) and R max is the maximum recovery of the system (% According to Schenkel (2006), the mass yield was calculated by the ratio of the mass of carbonized product to the mass of the raw product initially introduced.
Where: W t = total weight of material loaded into the carbonizer and t= total time of operation

Total Time of Operation
This spans the period from when the carbonizer was first fired up until it was completely emptied of carbonized substance. The following practical tasks are included in this, and their time requirements are also tracked separately: (a) loading/reloading of hopper, (b) collecting the charcoal, and (c) agitating/stirring the hopper contents.

Temperature
The temperatures of the ignition compartment would be measured using thermocouple probes and a multithermometer data recorder with thermocouple wires. The tips of the probes, which were placed at the top and bottom of the ignition chamber, were roughly at Where: C y : Mass yield (%) M c : Mass of carbonized product (kg) and M b : Mass of raw product (kg)

Carbonizer Capacity
The amount of material that was carbonized by the prototype carbonizer per unit time (Ricardo F. Orge, 2012), is computed as follows, Figure 2: Carbonizer prototype during performance testing the chamber's longitudinal line. At ten-minute intervals, temperatures were measured at each location, and the data were recorded.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Carbonizer Selection
Based on an evaluation of the various carbonizer designs already in existence, the best design of carbonizer for the carbonization of refuse sawdust and coffee husk was chosen. The carburizer's ability to contain and manage sawdust and coffee husk during operation, as well as the expense of fabrication, was the primary design consideration. The BAERC-type corncob carbonizer, which uses biomass pyrolysis, was not chosen because it can only be used for raw materials with large particulate sizes. This was considered because the JAERC drum-type carbonizer can handle refuse materials the size of sawdust and coffee husks. The JAERC drum-type carbonizer was adjusted as a result.

Performance Testing of the Drum-Type Carbonizer
The primary components of biomass materials were thermally degraded once a pyrolysis gas flame was created by heat transfer from the central tube burner, which raised the reactor chamber temperature to a high of 250-400 o C (Nakorn et al., 2018). The charring procedure was seen to be finished in two to three hours. The range of charcoal yields for sawdust and coffee husk, respectively, was determined to be 36.1-37.5 and 58.07-60.98% by dry weight. (Table1). We can determine the bulk yields using the information from sawdust and coffee husk carbonization. (table 1 and table 2). (Cocosnucifera) Wastes yielded the highest test for 8 openings in the drumtype carbonizer for Young Coconut quantity of charcoal, 8.15 kg, or 33.13% actual charcoal recovery (Virgilio et al., 2015). The efficiency of a corn cob carbonizer

Temperature Variation Inside the Carbonizer
The yield of charcoal produced, the characteristics of the charcoal produced, and the reactor temperature profile have all been used to describe the performance of the carbonizer system. The graph below illustrates how the sawdust and coffee husk temperature profiles changed inside the carbonization container. We have also made an effort to monitor the homogeneity of the temperature in the carbonizer during carbonization. For this, the temperature inside the carbonizer is measured using a computerized multi-meter every ten minutes. Examples of temperature fluctuation during the carbonization of sawdust and coffee husk are shown in the figure below. These graphs demonstrate that during the carbonization procedure, the temperature inside the carbonizer is not uniform.Because the carbonization is accompanied by partial combustion processes. It is observed that there is a loss of matter at the beginning of the carbonization of the charred matter), the temperature variability can affect the mass yield. We also observed that for 130 minutes, sawdust is carbonized at a high temperature (roughly 445 °C), before cooling to temps below 209 °C. In a carbonizer, the temperature inside a corn cob quickly reached 200 °C, and heat transmission from the surrounding flue gas significantly raised that temperature to about 400°C, where the majority of the biomass residues were thermally degraded (Nakorn et al., 2018). The major components of the cassava rhizome were thermally decomposed at temperatures between 250 and 300°C once a stable flame  from the pyrolysis gas was realized (Nakorn et al., 2017). Where Bp is bottom of pyrolysis chamber, Mp is middle of pyrolysis chamber and Tp is top of pyrolysis chamber.

CONCLUSION
The efficacy of the sawdust and coffee husk pyrolysising carbonizer was measured by the reaction temperatures reached, the total processing time, and the yields of carbonized material. Reactor temperature profile, charcoal yield, and charcoal quality all affected how well the carbonizer device worked. Because partial combustion occurs alongside carbonization, which is why there is a loss of matter at the outset of the carbonization of the charred matter, temperature variability had an impact on the mass yield. Less educated rural and per urban populations will benefit from this design and process because it will enable them to create small-or medium-sized businesses with minimal resources and training. Additionally, it will benefit rural women who rely on inexpensive fuel sources, such as charcoal made from trees, to cook and who apply regular manure to farms to increase crop yields. Other than coffee husk and sawdust, other waste biomass and agricultural residues can also be carbonized using this technique. For farming residue and waste biomass to be used effectively, ultimate and proximate analyses of that biomass must be conducted.